Rationale †how women are treated in soap operas Essay

I am going to be investigating into how women are treated in soap operas. The reason I have chosen to carry out this study is due to the fact that I think that women are given very stereotypical roles within soap operas and it is very hard for them to break out of those boundaries and those specific labels they have been given. The method I will take to reach my objective is to use the content analysis approach. This is a method I will adopt using Meehan’s research. My aim is to compare how much or how less has changed within that period of time. I hypothesise that in comparison to Meehan’s analysis of soap operas women are still labelled in the same categories. From this method I should be able to reach to a conclusion as to whether my hypothesis is correct. The method of research I am going to use is content analysis of magazines, TV and newspaper. Content analysis involves the very careful quantification of the content of the media messages. It is able to give a general impression about media content, which can be the basis of theoretical work or policy and programme development. Therefore the way I will carry out my research is by using Meehan’s study that was carried out in 1960s and 1970s on soap operas and how he categorised the women within the soaps into specific groups. I will carry out my research using a lot of primary resources. To investigate this concept I am going to look at the model, which is similar to the hypodermic syringe model. I am also going to use the feminist approach to try to explain some of the reasons as to why there are so many stereotypical views within soap operas towards women. I am going to be looking at Ferguson’s feminist cult theory. This highlights how there are many stereotypical views within the soap operas. Context She is seen in Meehan’s content analysis study of the presentation of women in soap operas shows that in American drama serials there are only 10 female character types that are presented, they are; The Imp, a rebellious tomboy character. She is adventurous, not really sexual, often finds herself in trouble, she is the opposite of what society expects a women to be and the trouble she gets into is often a result of this. The Goodwife, she is domestic, attractive, home-centred and content. She does not wish to become involved with the world outside the home, leaving this to her lovely husband. The Harpy, is an aggressive single woman. She is powerful, even overpowering and not afraid to take on or chase after men. The Bitch, is a sneak and a cheat. She is manipulative, dangerous and deceitful. She lacks the power to be a real villain (invariably male) but she causes real trouble for the forces of good. The Victim, is the passive female who suffers accident, disease or violence, depending in the type of show or it could be to domestic violence. The Decoy, she is a heroine disguised as a victim. Apparently helpless and dependent, she’s actually strong and resourceful. She is quite likely to be mistreated, hurt or captured, but she is capable of overcoming her difficulties. The Siren, is a woman who uses her sexuality to lure her victim to a sticky end. The Courtesan, is close to being a prostitute and perhaps has been one. The Witch, has extraordinary power despite this she is invariably dominated by a man and is persuaded often reluctantly to suppress her powers or use it for his aims. The Matriarch, prestige and authority. a positive light despite the fact that she is too old to be sexually attractive. Her status is almost of that of a hero. This study shows that women are portrayed as neater good or evil, never a combination. It also shows that â€Å"good† women are portrayed as submissive, sensitive and domesticated. â€Å"Bad† women are portrayed as rebellious, independent and selfish. Male evil characters are always counterbalanced by good ones, this is not so with female evil characters. The number of occupations which women are portrayed as holding is limited to a few, primarily housewife, receptionist and whore, male roles are also few in number compared to reality, but are more exciting, such as doctor, spies, detective and astronaut. While studies such as Meehan’s, could be criticised for being dated and referring to the series of the 1960’s and 70’s. The content recycling of such series on satellite and cable channels means that they are still relevant. Moreover, many of the point she makes are relevant even in more recent television. The number of women portrayed in the media depends very much on the medium concerned and the genre type. Soap operas have relatively high proportion of women, though they are still outnumbered by as much of 7 men to 3 women in some types of soap opera. In advertisements, there are three all male ads to every one all female ads. A study conducted by Beuf (1974) was based on 63 interviews with boys and girls between the ages of three and six. Some girls had abandoned their ambitions even by this early age. Several girls mentioned that their ambitions could not be realised because of their sex. The implication is that because of the small number of high-status female models in the media available for girls to model themselves on, the ambitions of real women are limited. The power of the media in this respect is thought to be very strong. This is not surprising as the Average American girl will have spent more time in front of the TV by the time she is 15 than she will have spent in the classroom. Beuf also argues that women suffer anxiety and stress due to this and because advertising and soap operas create concerns in women particularly about; their body image, the constant need to spend money on products to make them more attractive and desirable for males and also the competition with other women to fight and keep their man. Liberal feminists argue that individuals are trained by the mass media and other social institutions into patterns of behaviour which are performed unconsciously. Sex-roles in particular, have been built up over a long period of time and have become embedded in our culture. Radical feminists identify men as the enemy. They believe that men consciously and unconsciously manipulate social institutions for their own benefit and to the detriment of women. Men hold the dominant positions throughout the media and are able to use them to reflect the images of women which they desire. According to socialist feminists the role of the media is to sustain and perpetuate the capitalist system and the supporting role of women in it. Davies says that those who control the media are almost all rich men, there is every incentive for them to present the capitalist, patriarchal scheme of things as the most attractive system available and to convince the less privileged that the oppression and limitations of their lives are inevitable. According to Skirrow, for example video games are particularly unattractive to women, as they are part of a technology which is identified as male power, and they are about mastering a specifically male anxiety in a specific male way.

Courseware Authoring Essay

Courseware authoring is when one develops computer-based learning materials.   In order for computer-based learning to be effective, the programs need to be designed and authored successfully. There are many courseware authoring tools available in the market today.   Depending on the industry, the tools vary from simulations to software that creates simple presentations.   The essential elements that need to be included in successful courseware authoring are all the components of different learning styles and learning strategies. According to Mr. Alfred Low, an educational technologist, there are four courseware authoring strategies that one can adopt to create superior learning environments (Low, 2002): †¢ The Socratic Approach: develops a questioning approach that engages students in a dialogue and enables students to see their own mistakes and misconceptions. †¢ Simulations/Games: uses the computer to develop simulation models of an imaginary world designed for pedagogical purposes. †¢ The Computer-As-Pupil: learners construct knowledge and develop problem-solving skills as they interact with the computer. †¢ The Intelligent Assistant: aims to provide support as the learner interacts with the program and monitors the student’s progress. There is no single courseware authoring strategy that will address every instructional problem.   Therefore a needs analysis must be performed to determine the desired final outcome of any instructional materials. Courseware authoring is simply designing computer-based learning tools.   There are many authoring tools and strategies to ensure the most complete success in the learning environment.

College Essays vs. Scholarship Essays: 4 Key Differences

Applying to college is a huge amount of work. On top of that, you may be applying for scholarships to help ease the financial burden of your tuition and other expenses. Many scholarship applications require essays—and these are in addition to the essays you’re already writing for your college applications. So, what’s the difference? Can you use the same essay or parts of it for both purposes? Read on to find out. College essays help adcoms get a sense of students’ personalities. They want to see whether you’re a good fit with their institution and student body and what you will contribute. That’s why tone is so important—you need to convey that you’ll mesh well with the school and understand what that means. Find out more in What Is a College Personal Statement? . Meanwhile, scholarship committees are looking for students who stand for the interests of the organization and will represent it well. These organizations often align with and support particular talents, industries, demographics, or causes, so the students to whom they award scholarships must embody these ideals as well. For example, there are scholarships for first-generation students , Hispanic/Latino students , and STEM scholars . Your essay must demonstrate that you believe in the mission the organization represents. Many colleges use the Common or Coalition applications, and their prompts are often very broad. You’ll also have a choice of topic. Many colleges also have school-specific supplemental essays , whose topics can be a bit more narrow, such as asking you why you want to attend that particular school . Scholarship prompts tend to be more specific and focused on the organization and its mission. For example, Digital Responsibility’s Don’t Text and Drive Scholarship asks you to complete the statement â€Å" I pledge to not text and drive because†¦ † in 140 characters. Since college essays are about you and how you’ll fit in at the school, you’ll need to do some brainstorming to generate broad ideas around which to center your statement. Check out Where to Begin: 3 Personal Essay Brainstorming Exercises for ideas. For scholarship essays, you want to demonstrate that you agree with the company philosophy. That means you need to do some research to understand what that philosophy is and incorporate the organization’s ideals. Often, you can find out a lot by simply browsing the organization’s website and social media accounts and finding stories and examples of current and past projects. College essays tend to be on the longer side. The Common App has a 650-word maximum for its main essay, while the Coalition Application allows 300-550 words. Scholarship essays tend to be shorter, usually under 500 words. Sometimes the essays are even shorter still, as with the Don’t Text and Drive example. And, of course, some scholarships don’t require essays at all. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Both your college essays and scholarship essays should represent you and what you stand for. Even though scholarship essays are usually about a cause that the organization sponsoring the award supports, if you’re applying for it, you should believe in that cause as well. Of course, it goes without saying that you should be the one actually writing the essays as well. Your essays need to be well-written. You should make use of rhetorical devices and other language tools, as well as follow grammatical rules . Make sure to read over all your essays and get second opinions. At the end of the day, both adcoms and scholarship committees want to get to know you through your writing. Taking care to understand the institution or organization and truly representing your authentic self will come through, so put in the effort. It really counts! Looking for help with your college applications? Check out our College Application Guidance Program . When you sign up for our program, we carefully pair you with the perfect admissions specialist based on your current academic and extracurricular profile and the schools in which you’re interested. Your personal specialist will help you with branding, essays, and interviews, and provide you with support and guidance in all other aspects of the application process.

The Devine Michelangelo and Rapheal A Mortal God videos criticism Essay

The Devine Michelangelo and Rapheal A Mortal God videos criticism - Essay Example In an effort to recreate and retell the stories of these two classical artists, BBC, in association with acclaimed directors like Bernard Hill and Sydney Kean, produced informative documentary films. These films are; Raphael – A Mortal God and The Devine Michelangelo. In 2004, BBC created a drama-documentary on the life and works of Raphael. Raphael – A Mortal God was directed by John Holdsworth. The film, which runs for 60 minutes, was released in January 2004. In the film, Bernard Hill takes the role of a background narrator. Among the key cast members include McKenna, acting as Pope Julius 2 and Joe McFadden acting as Raphael. The documentary is educational in nature (Weyant). It covers on the life and heydays of Raphael as one of the most colorful artists of Renaissance Italy. In order to enhance understanding, the documentary shows graphical representations of Raphael’s work. In addition, motion pictures depicting characters and scenes synonymous to those of Renaissance Rome are used. Personally, I think the documentary on Raphael – A Mortal God is successfully inspired. As an educational documentary, Raphael – A Mortal God captures a viewer’s attention through a recognizable conflict between the characters and the environmental context of the story. As a means of developing the dramatic curve of Raphael’s story, Bernard Hill takes a reserved stage and narrates events in a contrasting manner. For example, Raphael succeeded as an artist because he employed experimental techniques instead of adhering to conventional artistic techniques of renaissance art. In depicting Raphael’s conflict with conventional techniques of renaissance art, the film uses audio and visual medium in alienating the artist in respect to the background context (Weyant). Despite the documentary’s success in certain aspects, there is an apparent inadequacy in the use of motion pictures. In addition, the

The Logic of Customer Satisfaction and Retention of Hilton Group Plc Research Paper

The Logic of Customer Satisfaction and Retention of Hilton Group Plc - Research Paper Example The traditional and the conventional way of doing business are becoming obsolete as newer methods are taking up the slots and it is particularly true for the service industry. In the case of the service industry, the customer is the undoubted king and every possible measure is initiated so that the esteemed customer is not just satisfied but is happy so that he is retained as the industry knows the fact very well that it is more difficult to get hold of a new customer than to retain an existing client. The logic of customer satisfaction and retention also applies to the hotel industry and renowned hotel chain - Hilton Group, Plc is no different. In the case of a hotel group, the service offered is totally dependent upon the people and the team of the group. Therefore, there is absolutely no doubt about the fact that human resource management is one of the most crucial aspects of such organisations. In fact, in the competitive industry of today, human resource policies are not just limited with that of the employee development and handling of employee grievances but also contribute towards the customer satisfaction and thereby towards the profitability of the group. In 2001, the renowned hotel group had more than 60,000 employees across 500 hotels all over the globe, in 50 countries. For the convenience of the business, the group had divided the operations of the hotel into four different global divisions namely UK and Ireland, Europe – the Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific and the Americas. Each of the divisions had dedicated a team of professionals to run their operations under the leadership of the Area Presidents. In the year 1999, the group joined hands with another hotel group of repute named Stakis, Plc and undertook a number of initiatives to upkeep the momentum of the employees going. The group came up with two prominent schemes namely the ‘equilibrium’ and the ‘esprit’.

Reading reflection 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading reflection 7 - Essay Example However, I agree that to the issue that there calls for reform since zero-tolerance policies have done little to help the countrys troubled youths (Springer & Roberts, 2011). Yes, these juvenile are all troubled teens. There is scientific confirmation that the teen years are a time of significant transition. Adolescents tend to have significant neurological deficiencies that result in limitations of judgment. Research proposes that when teens are exposed to risk factors such as neglect, abuse and poverty among others, they are psychologically predisposition to violence. Adolescents as compared to competent adults are less morally culpable for what they do and are more capable of change and rehabilitation. However, let us look at the broad picture. We have a moral obligation to sustain our established institutions because they have created and they help maintain law and order. The Institute for Juvenile Research was founded on the basis of aiding in dealing with this issue on a psychological basis. This has gone a long way in assisting the juvenile court systems since they come up with prevention strategies (Springer & Roberts, 2011). We are not in colonial times anymore so that we send youth home for a court-observed whipping. Today’s youths are highly sophisticated and with generally inadequate funding and fluctuating public support, the juvenile justice system has fallen short of meeting the challenge presented during the past decade. The juvenile justice system needs to be revitalized so that it will reverse juvenile trends, offer effective treatment, ensure appropriate sanctions and once again rebuild public confidence. Since the first juvenile court was established in 1899 in Chicago, 1L, a variety of strategies has been pursued to address the particular issues posed by juvenile offenders. Results have been mixed and it’s critical for young people to be aware that they

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

International Marketing - Essay Example er this paper will provide an in depth analysis of the Dutch economy as a whole taking into consideration such factors as population, birth rates, demographics, consumer preferences, Firstly an examination of the Dutch market and economy will be conducted. It is the case that the Netherlands is one of the founding members of the European Union and the World Trade Organization. Moreover, from a historical context the nation has always had a strong association with emphasizing the importance of a strong economy. In fact according to the Chambers (2001) it is the case that the Dutch East India Company was arguably the first business entity to issue a common stock. However in the modern context it remains the case that the nation has been considered innovators in the business community from five perspectives Firstly in terms of education the nation boasts a highly educated workforce which according to the programme for international student assessment as studied by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2008) has ultimately ranked the Netherlands as having the ninth best education system in the world which is far higher than the average. In terms of infrastructure the nation is undoubtedly considered thoroughly modernized. According to the CIA World Factbook, the nation has a total of twenty-seven airports, over 2,896 meters of railways (Utilizing a standard gauge), over 136,862 km of roadways, 6,215 km of waterways that are navigable to ships of 50 tones, as well as some substantial ports and terminals. From an economics perspective the nation is considered to be one of the wealthiest in the world. According to the CIA World Factbook the nation has total gross domestic product of approximately $652 billion in 2009 which would place it twenty second in global standings. On a micro level the gross domestic product per capita when accounting for purchasing power parity is approximately $39,000 in U.S. Dollars. From a demographics perspective the

Barilla SpA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barilla SpA - Case Study Example Barilla SpA Case Study As seen with Barilla, the variability can be caused by several issues. To begin with, lack of sharing information and visibility in the supply chain is among the reasons. Also, unexpected delays in supply of products to the distributors and an inability to adapt to events as they happen in real time are among the issues that resulted to variability in the Barillas supply chain. While it is expedient to diversify on products a company deals with, this, as seen with Barilla, might come at a cost. The company produces a total of 200 varieties of pasta and has a large variety of packaging that amounts to 470. Moreover, it has a very long setup line, approximately 10 days. To avoid conflict between players of the supply chain, Barilla has to put some measures in place. It has to be ensured that, Just-In –Time-Distribution (JITD) is implemented, this is to enhance order fulfillment. More importantly, Barilla needs to base its production on predictions in demand other than on orders. Additionally, the company has to collect information on demand and put it to use. Lastly, to avoid stress in the retailer’s end, Barilla has to notify the distributors first in case there is the need for additional inventories in the store. The store, also, has to ensure that the arrival of merchandise on shelves is timely. Transferring demand information across the store is imperative in ensuring that there are no fluctuations in demand.

Acute Care Nursing - Reflections on Practice Essay

Acute Care Nursing - Reflections on Practice - Essay Example This paper evaluates management of a midwifery case of a 29-year old who after presenting bleeding at 35.5 weeks of pregnancy undergoes an emergency caesarean section (C/S) and in the recovery room for post-surgery, bleeding continues despite IV infusion. After four hours, the woman is pale and responds poorly to non-verbal cues. The midwife has to assess Yee to ensure that her bleeding is not due to any other underlying risk factor but for cesarean section in her third stage of labor (Jacob, 2012, p. 415). Yee has experienced postpartum hemorrhage even though her blood loss after the cesarean birth is 700mL just four hours after the operation and there is a possibility of retained placenta fragments in her uterus given that her fundus is boggy and non-contracted (Yogev, 2004, p. 486). For accurate assessment of the fundus, the mother should be required to empty her bladder to eliminate interference with the uterine and lie flat on her back while flexing her knees. If the fundus is still soft and boggy, massaging should be performed gently until it gets firm. Retained fragments are ranked as one of the main cause of late postpartum hemorrhage and in the case of Yee, shock, continued bleeding, and boggy uterus are some main signs and symptoms. Further, the midwife must also ensure that fundus palpitation is d one frequently to determine ongoing muscle tone but this should not involve over massage as it fatigues the muscles (B-Lynch, 2006, p. 396). Since effective uterine contraction is the goal, bladder distention must be prevented since it displaces the uterus. Besides the administration of intravenous fluid, a physician can provide manual removal especially if the cause is incomplete separations of the placenta. The midwife must use communication to manage Yee’s feelings of faintness and dizziness that makes her not to respond to verbal cues (Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH), 2010). Sub-consciousness is due to orthostatic hypotension after birth and cautions the midwife of the patient’s safety. Hypotension arises from blood results loss causing blood pressure to lower to about 90/50 and a heart rate of 120 in attempts to circulate the blood in the body.

Employee e-training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employee e-training - Essay Example The new technology is advantageous as it provides easy access to training. It requires collaboration among areas of training, information technology, and top management. For technology in training to be effective, it needs to be designed with good learning principles. Transfer of training can be facilitated by using the technology. For example, Electronic performance support systems (EPSS) are computer applications that can provide, as requested skills training, information access, and expert advice. An EPSS may be used to enhance transfer of training by providing trainees with an electronic information source that they can refer to on as-needed basis while they attempt to apply learned capabilities on the jobs. Imaging refers to scanning documents, storing them electronically, and retrieving them. (Lederer 1993). Imaging is particularly useful as paper files take large volume of space. Moreover, it is difficult to access them. It is easy to access them if they scanned and stored in a database. Software applications make it easy to scan them by using the key search words. Imaging can also be very useful to serve the customers in a better way. Imaging reduces the time to locate a particular file and give the necessary information to customers. It is very useful for Abbott Laboratories given the size and magnitude of the organization. Interactive Voice Technology makes it possible to generate automated phone responses by using computers. It is very useful to answer the frequently asked questions. Every organization is using Interactive Voice Response System wherever it serves best. It is especially useful to answer the most common doubts of the trainees. Employees can directly enroll into training programs, and if necessary by consulting a human resources consultant. Distance learning is useful for geographically dispersed companies like Abbott Labs to provide information about new products, policies, or procedures as well as skills training and expert lectures. The new technologies make the virtual class rooms possible. Distance learning features two way communications between people, and it currently involves two types of technology (Picard 1996). The first one is Video Conferencing. It makes it possible to exchange audio, video or text between two or more individuals at two or more locations. The second type of distance learning includes individualized, personal computer-based training. Employees can participate in training from anywhere in the world by logging on to the website. They can get their doubts clarified by using e-mail, bulletin boards, and conferencing systems. The major advantage of distance training is that the company can save on travel costs. Raymond Noe remarks: Distance training allows employees in geographically dispersed sites to receive training from experts who would not otherwise be available to visit each location. (Noe 2008) However, there are some major disadvantages with the system, says Noe. There is a lack of interaction between the trainer and trainee and technology failures. A high level of interactive feature of training is missing in distance training. Keeping these limitations in view, it can be used effectively in training the employees. For a company like Abbott which has its presence in more than 130 countries around the world.

Everybody Needs Somebody Essay Example for Free

Everybody Needs Somebody Essay Many people vacillate to commit themselves to marriage because of the responsibilities involved, but what does the word â€Å"marriage†, that so many desist from means. It’s the state of being united; body, soul and mind to a person of the opposite sex as husband or wife consensual and contractual relationship recognized by both the Lord and the law. Moreover, pledging your allegiance, promising to be there† for better or for worse, in sickness and in health..till death do us path†. A lot of individuals make the decision never to marry; there may be certain circumstances why they may feel that way. For example they may have had awful relationships in their past and of the opinion that their significant other will never be found or plainly the bulk just don’t want that type of commitment. Marriage has its advantages by the bountiful, so if you are in love and sure that you want to subsist the rest of your life with him/her, then unquestionably go ahead and walk down the aisle. I confidently disagree that being single is far more advantageous than being married. Marriage offers companionship. In a healthy marriage, you are never alone. Your spouse will always be there to lend a sympathetic ear. Sometimes, of course, your spouse might not be â€Å"actually† listening to you but it is better to talk to someone than being alone. Additionally, it’s satisfying to have someone you trust completely and love unconditionally to have stimulating conversation with. For instance to discuss ideas, major financial matters and practice your humor and simply want o be consoled at the end of the day. In the period 2008, research done in the USA showed that expressing your feeling, merely talking to your spouse and letting them know how you feel, reduces your chance of divorce, dishonesty and senseless arguments. As well, companionship offers support and can be particularly important at times of misfortune. Thus, the companionship that marriage offer beats being single any day. Marriage opens the gates to a rich social life. Basically by having a partner with you, you can have a social life that is not so readily or easily available for a single person. You can visit romantic places together or holiday together. You can spend meaningful quality time with each other also relaxing without any interruptions for a single person; it may be difficult because usually social life is geared around â€Å"couples†. Hence a single person can often be left out or sometimes just not invited. Although it may be true at times, that having children might seem to encumber your social life but really it brings a pulsating change in your social life also much of that life involves being with your children. Marriage puts a stamp of tolerability in society. Research reveals that married men/women have longer lifespan compared to single individuals. This can result in three points 1. Marriage stabilizers men and women this is so because, the need for multiple partners aren’t considered necessary when you are married besides you can be confident that your trustworthy spouse isn’t going to be adulterous 2. In the case of reducing stress, take for example raising a child, although many single parents do raise children successfully. It seems the stress is less when the tasks are shared with a partner.3. The point of being pleased. Many men/women get satisfied sexually by being married. This is so because by being intimate with someone you pledged your life to and love, you are contented both physically and mentally. Consequently, by having sexual relations when single your mate is random. This type of intimacy is fabricated and has no symbolic meaning. At such times having a marriage has its rewards over being single. As stated above marriage has its advantages, the ones mentioned are just a few to start with. Each marriage is of course different, but the connection that is shared among two married persons who have unexplained love, intimacy and forever commitment is extremely sacred. Being married, said by many people is about accepting a person for who they are, faults include. To be so dedicated and honorable that together you can overcome any type of ordeal life throws also learning to grow from those hardships. It’s about making sacrifices and putting your complete trust in your spouse. Knowing, they would refrain from temptation and be honest when it is needed. There are so many types of definitions that could be used to describe what marriage is nevertheless the one that really carries the most sentimental value is the one shared among married couples. It is forlorn that single people choose to remain unmarried, they may not the joy marriage brings to a person, but marriage is a privilege so why not make use of it.

Sun Tanning Beds Essay Example for Free

Sun Tanning Beds Essay The first original tanning lamp was discovered accidentally in 1903 by a German company called Heraeus who were developing lighting systems for the home and for industrial usage. These lamps were of the high-pressure metal halide variety. They discovered that the light that was developed for visible light purposes also emitted ultra-violet light. In the 1920s and 1930s Heraeus first started to market and sell single lamp, self standing tanning devices. The first high-pressure tanning beds incorporating more than a single high-pressure lamp were manufactured in the mid to late 1970’s by companies such as Ultrabronz and JK Ergoline and in the 1980s the first high-pressure units were exported to the United States. Although tanning beds were initially brought to America by Friedrich Wolff in 1978, he soon patented his particular blend of phosphors and began licensing the technology to other companies. Wolff Systems has since devoted all their resources into lamp technology and development. Some of the early adopters of the Wolff technology include ETS, Inc. , SCA, Sun Industries, Inc. , Montego Bay, Sunal. Later, Friedrich sold Wolff Systems to his brother Jorg Wolff, who was the founder of Cosmedico, Ltd. , another pioneer in the tanning industry. A sun tanning bed is a device emitting ultraviolet radiation used to produce a cosmetic tan. Regular tanning beds use several fluorescent lamps that have phosphor blends designed to emit UV in a spectrum that is somewhat similar to the sun. Smaller, home tanning beds usually have 12 to 28 100 watt lamps while systems found in salons can run from 24 to 60 lamps each consuming 100 to 200 watts. In many ways, tanning beds are simply light fixtures that you lie under to tan. Most tanning beds use choke ballasts, a technology that has been around for about 100 years, consisting of a simple inductor which limits amount of current passing through, and requires a lamp starter to preheat the ends of the lamp briefly at start. Newer ballast systems include magnetic ballasts, electronic ballasts and more recently high frequency ballasts that induce tanning and other fluorescent lamps to work using less wattage, by using higher frequencies. In general, newer ballast designs produce less heat and are more energy efficient. The ballasts regulate the power that is sent to the lamps, so that if you install a 160W lamp in a tanning bed that has 100W ballasts, only 100W will be delivered to the lamp and may actually create less UV and shorter lamp life since the bulb is designed for higher current. The lamp starter part of the bed is used only on beds with choke ballasts and is a simple plasma starting switch. It has no bearing on how powerful the bed is. Like all fluorescent lamps, low pressure tanning lamps work when the ballast directs enough energy to the lamp that a plasma is generated inside the lamp. The lamps are coated on the inside with special phosphors and contain a small amount of mercury (20 mg typical). Unlike high pressure lamps, the glass that is used in low pressure lamps automatically filters out all UVC. Once the plasma is fully flowing it strips away the outer electrons from the mercury, sending them into the phosphor, which produces photons in the proper spectrum for tanning. The electrons, now in a lower energy state, will jump back into place onto the first mercury atom they find with an electron missing. The surfaces on which the tanner lies and which shields the user by physical separation from the lamps on the bench and canopy are typically referred to as the ‘acrylics’. Acrylics are manufactured from a base material of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), type UVT (UV-transmitting), which has been formulated to have a spectral transmittance in the wavelength region 290-400 nm. This should not be confused with a standard acrylic, or ‘plexiglass’, which would not transmit within this spectral range, effectively inhibiting the tanning properties of the unit. Base resins are typically cell-cast or extruded into sheet and then thermoformed to manufacture the acrylics. On occasion, depending on the complexity of the part, the resin will be injection molded. It is due to the expense of the specially formulated resin, handling considerations and manufacturing processes which drive the cost of acrylic parts, which can be high when compared to standard grade acrylic which can be purchased at your local home improvement store. These acrylic materials should never be cleaned with any agent containing alcohol (i. e. glass cleaner), as this will adversely affect the material surface causing a phenomenon known as ‘crazing’. This will present itself as small fissures resembling spiderwebs forming where stresses are most concentrated on the part and in the region which was subjected to the chemical attack. These shields break down over time as they are exposed to UV and oxygen and must be reconditioned every few years. Failure to do so will reduce the transparency of the acrylic to UV rays, although to the eye it will still appear perfectly clear. The reconditioning is most commonly done with a compound called Novus #2, which is a slightly gritty cleaning compound that removes a microlayer of the acrylic, restoring to near new condition and is used in many other industries. This being said, a better practice is to replace the acrylic as the oxidation described above affects the physical properties of the material rendering it less impact resistant. Most mainstream tanning beds built today use similar electronics, with the primary differences being in the design and quality of the frame and shell of the bed, as well as the number and type of lamps used. The newer electronics are very promising because of their lower power usage, cooler running temperature, and more environmentally friendly components. Tanning beds have about 3-8 times greater UVA than sunlight, while the ‘warning signs’ of overexposure, such as sunburn, do not appear at the same rate indoors as out. Furthermore, the radiation levels are more intense, requiring individuals to limit their exposure to very brief periods. The carcinogenic mutations in some skin cancers have been linked to UVA radiation more than UVB, suggesting that beds have different risks than natural light. The UVA light is also more strongly associated with skin aging than UVB, and with genetic damage. Natural sunlight exposure has made studies of artificial tanning difficult, since many people are exposed to both. There are indisputable values to moderate sunlight exposure. UVB light induces the body to synthesize Vitamin D. Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption, and improves development and reduces cancer risk. The amount of sunlight required, however, is estimated to be less than a single tanning session provides (10 minutes of strong sunlight for many people). The benefits of artificial tanning are generally related to enjoyment and speed. Tanning makes most people feel good. A more useful benefit of tanning indoors rather than tanning outside is the amount of control the tanner has. If a person decides to get a suntan and wants to minimize the risk of getting a sunburn, a tanning bed offers an environment that delivers the same amount of UV in a given period of time, day after day. Tanning beds also offer time savings when compared to tanning outdoors. Most tanning beds offer a maximum session time of 20 minutes and a person can maintain a tan with 1 to 2 sessions per week. For individuals living in urban areas, or who work extended hours, a tanning bed may be the only opportunity for tanning or UV exposure of any kind. A frequently mentioned benefit of artificial tanning is the increased production of Vitamin D. It is believed that indoor tanning beds are useful for the treatment of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder), though this is disputed at present. Some people with psoriasis or eczema are treated with UVB light therapy. This is typically in the 310 nm to 315 nm portion of the UVB spectrum. Virtually all fluorescent tanning lamps have one spectral peak within this region of the UVB spectrum, making them an effective tool in mild to moderate cases. UVA light therapy is also used in dermatology. This is often combined with either an oral or topical medication called Psoralen. This combined therapy is referred to as PUVA. Artificial tanning from UV exposure is known to cause cancer, make skin grow old and wrinkle faster, mutate DNA, and reduce the immune system, as well as other possible effects. These problems are believed to be worse from tanning in a tanning bed or sunbed than from the sun, due to the different intensity and spectrum of the artificial light. UVA light specifically, (sometimes called ‘bronzing light’) is clearly associated with increased skin aging and wrinkle production. This is because UVA penetrates the skin more deeply than UVB, and therefore causes damage on a deeper level. Most aging of skin is due to UVA rays destroying collagen and connective tissue beneath the superficial layer of the skin. The US Public Health Service states that UV radiation, including the use of sun lamps and sun beds are ’known to be a human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). ’ It further states that the risk of developing cancer in the years after exposure is greatest in people under 30 years old. There is persuasive evidence that each of the three main types of skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma, is caused by sun exposure. Women who visited a tanning parlor at least once a month were 55% more likely to later develop melanoma than women who didnt artificially suntan. Young women who used sun lamps for tanning while in their 20s had the largest increase in subsequent cancer risk about 150% higher than similar women who did not use tanning beds. A growing trend is the home tanning bed. Many people are now opting to own their own tanning system instead of going to the salon. The primary reasons are sanitation concerns and convenience. The average home system has 16 to 24 lamps, and costs $2000 to $3000, making its price competitive (over a number of years) for tanners who frequent salons regularly. This has led to an explosion of retailers that feature smaller, home style tanning beds both on the internet and in traditional retail stores. Another trend is spray on tanning (a form of sunless tanning), using either special booths or a hand held setup similar to an airbrush. Many people who try spray on tanning often still go to the tanning salon, and use the spray on as a way to jump start the appearance of a tan, while others use it as a way to look tan while avoiding UV exposure of any kind. This is also demonstrated by the large number of indoor tanning lotions that have bronzers included, which is similar to the chemicals used for spray on tans, DHA.

The number of international tourists arrival to Malaysia

The number of international tourists arrival to Malaysia Economic of Malaysia is growing rapidly in this few years; Malaysia has a lot of natural resources, such as tin, palm oil and rubber. Therefore, the natural resources can be the largest sources of income in Malaysia; it can help Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increasing and earning foreign exchange and tourism is the second largest sources income of foreign exchange. Tourism plays an important role for Malaysia. Tourism industry effects positively on the economy besides it can increase in foreign exchange earnings, would help promote new investments in the country, and it can increased the employment opportunities. In 1999, Malaysia tourism board has come out one campaign called Malaysia Truly Asia, it success to bringing in over 7.9 million of tourists into Malaysia and receipts around RM 12.3 billion revenue and the revenue and tourist arrival number are keep increasing year by year. According to Tourism Malaysia official website, their objective is to promote Malaysia as an outstanding tourist destination. They aim to showcase Malaysias unique wonders, attractions and cultures, develop domestic tourism and enhance Malaysias share of the market for meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions (MICE). Their ultimate goal is to increase the number of foreign tourists to Malaysia, extend the average length of their stay and increase Malaysias tourism revenue. (Tourism Malaysia Official Website, 2010) Malaysia government was also allocated amount of fund to tourism industry besides providing sufficient basic infrastructure. In 2006, tourism Malaysia received 30% more funding for advertising and other promotions in preparation for Visit Malaysia Year in 2007. The Malaysian government will spend RM1.8 billion under the Ninth Malaysian Plan (2006-2010), on upgrading tourist destinations and infrastructure, as well as on marketing promotions in major source markets. (Government Malaysia, 2006) Tourism can bring in a lot of foreign exchange and creating many job opportunity, therefore it play an important roles in Malaysia economy. Tourism must work with state government, regional and local community planning and the economic development. Economic impacts are also important in marketing and management decisions. According to 2005 data from World Tourism Organization (WTO), Malaysia places 14th in the ranking of counties either by international tourism arrivals. International tourism arrivals in Malaysia increased from 7.9 million in 1999 to 23.6 million in 2009, representing an average annual growth about 15.7 million and the growth of tourist receipts has been even more spectacular, rising from RM 12.3 billion in 1999 to RM 53.4 billion in 2009 with an annual growth about RM 41.1 billion (Malaysia Tourism Statistics, 2010). In 2010, Malaysias tourism is expected to generate RM 98 billion of economic activity. The industrys direct and indirect effect of travel and tourism in Malaysia in 2010 was expected to account for 37 billion of GDP (equivalent to 5.1% of total GDP) and 597,000 jobs (5.3% of total employment). However, since the tourism touches all the sectors of the economy, it bring a real impact is even greater. The travel and tourism sector generated RM 98 billion in economy GDP (equivalent to 13.4 of total GDP), export revenue, services and merchandise representing RM 89 billion (equivalent to 12.7% of total exports), economy employment representing 1,331,000 jobs (11.9% of total employment) and it making tourism in Malaysia is the second largest contributor of foreign exchange earnings to the country after the manufacturing sector. (WTTC, 2010) Problem Statements The problem is economy will bring many positive and negative impacts to tourism in Malaysia. When year 1997 and 2007, global economic crisis were happening, it affects all the industry, tourism also affected by it. During the crisis, everyone will faced financial problem therefore there are less people willing to travel, so that it will affect the tourist arrival in Malaysia. Due to financial crisis, in 1998 tourist arrival in Malaysia only has 5.8 million. The tourism industry will affected by the economic problem, once the economic conditions was bad, many tourism industry like hotel, travel agency and restaurant, they will cut cost for example, cut down manpower, some of the hotel and travel agencys private bus or car driver, tour leader and staff for cost saving, therefore in that financial crisis years many people losing their job. After the financial crisis in 1997, tourism Malaysia trying to increase the tourist arrival and receipts, therefore, in 1999 the financial condition in Asia are growing slowly, Malaysia tourism board come out one campaign Malaysia Truly Asia, is promote Malaysia to the world and attract more foreign tourists and encourage local people travel within Malaysia, promote inbound tourism and domestic tourism. In 2001, September 11terroism attacks issue was happen in America, there are less Europe tourists come to Asia country travel and do investment, on that period Malaysia economic will affect by that reason. Terrorism picks tourism as their target because tourism is one of the main resources from income and it has generated relationship which leads to political, social and economical issues. Nowadays, because of this financial crisis tourism has dropped with many foreign tourists are cutting their spending, and for business tourism, in order to cost cutting policies and have to reduced corporate travels to overseas to having their meeting, they using internet video conferencing and telephone conferences. Those small travel agencies company have feel to the decline in reservation and bookings, they need to cut down their manpower, if they havent to do so, the company will bankrupt or facing many debts they owing. Same with the hotels with low occupancies, they will ask their staff to work for lesser hours and will reduce their wages. Tourism plays an important role in Malaysias economic. The effects of global economic crisis reaches many countries that are cant imagine. Only when the global economy gains strength and gets the financial more stable it will have a better future for tourism industry in Malaysia. Research Objectives 1. To understand the positive and negative impacts of economic towards tourism in Malaysia. 2. Analyze how economic affect the tourism industry. 3. Understanding the tourist behaviour in spending during the travelling period. 4. To evaluate the economic impacts of changes in tourism demand. 5. To understand the development of economic on tourism in Malaysia. 6. Analyze how important that the economic for tourism industry. 7. To evaluate the economic impacts of changes in tourism supply. 1.4 Research Questions 1. What is economic impact? 2. What are the positive and negative impacts of economic to tourism? 3. What are the effects of the economic to tourism? 4. How much earnings of foreign exchange towards tourism? 5. Who get the benefits of the tourism? 1.5 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 1.5.1 Theoretical Framework In this research will discuss about the economic impacts on tourism in Malaysia. Due to tourism is second largest sources income of foreign exchange, therefore economic can bring a lot of impacts to tourism industry. In addition, the tourism also will bring many impact to the economic, this both of the sectors must be related. Economic in Malaysia is relying on the natural resources and many investors come from other country, tourism can attract more investors to Malaysia. Besides that, tourism can increase the foreign exchange earnings, taxes revenue and create many job opportunities; it can help to decrease Malaysias unemployment rate. . Economic impacts have divided into positive and negative impacts to the tourism industry and local community. Positive impacts help the development of some rural area and local community, increasing the job opportunity and can change the living standard. Tourism industry involved to two types of sectors, which is direct tourism industry like hotel and restaurant the result can directly affect of the sectors and indirect tourism industry like manufacturing and supplier. Both of the sectors are important for tourism and economic, it can affect to the all parties in economic. Under Ninth Malaysia Plan, tourism industry has allocated around RM 1 billion to upgrade and create more facilities and infrastructure and for promoting funds, it really can helps the development of tourism industry. 1.5.2 Conceptual Framework Economic in Malaysia Tourism in Malaysia Direct Effects Economic Impact of Tourism Indirect Effects 1.6 Significance of the Study We need to know how important that economic for tourism industry. Tourism is one of the major industries in the world. In year 2010, the tourism economy contributes US$ 5,834.5 billion to global GDP, is around 9.3% of the total of global GDP. This is expected to growth to US $ 11,270 billion, is around 9.7% for the total of global GDP by 2020. The directly and indirectly industry supports over 235 million jobs in 2010 in global and the total is forecast to increase to just over 303 million in 2020. The global tourism investment is estimated at US$1,255.5 billion in 2010 and should reach US$2,722.3 billion by 2020. (WTTC, 2010) This all figure it means that the tourism is very important for economic, it helps the global economic gain strength in financial crisis and makes it more stable. International tourism can become a major foreign exchange earner for many low income countries like Cambodia, Indonesia, India and Africa. Many countries are trying to develop tourism sector and increase the number of incoming visitors because international tourism brings a lot of foreign exchange to the host country. In Malaysia, tourism was important to economic, it creates around 1,331,000 jobs in 2010, and it helps Malaysias job opportunities increasing and the tourism investment brings around RM 19.9 billion revenue in 2010, it should reach RM 49.8 billion in 2020. The economic impacts of tourism usually focus on the related tourism sectors that change in sales, income and employment. Besides that, this study is make us to know and understand that economic can influence many tourism industry, it affect the income of foreign exchange, gross domestic profit (GDP), and the job opportunities within the country. There are some primary tourism sectors like lodging, dining restaurant, transportations, and retail shops are affected directly by economic. 1.7 Scope and Limitation This study is about the impacts of economic that bring to tourism. This research focus more on how economic affects the tourism and will discuss the positive and negative impacts. This study will cover the spending behaviour of international tourist in Malaysia, tourism demand in Malaysia, and many aspects of the economic impacts of tourism in Malaysia and will related with many tourism sectors. In order to complete this study, all the information will be found in internet, newspapers, magazine and journals. Although, the information about the economy of tourism in Malaysia is very limited, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) which is the forum of the business leaders in the travel and tourism industry through by this internet website can get a lot of information about the economic impact of tourism in Malaysia. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Development of economic on tourism in Malaysia Before Malaysia independence in 1957, Malaysias economy is more focus in tin, rubber, and palm oil and petroleum products. On that period, tourism industry havent fully affects on Malaysia economy, but after independence, the Malaysia government has attention on develop of tourism industry, therefore on 1972 Malaysia government established Tourist Development Corporation of Malaysia (TDC), to the tourism developing programme. However, Malaysia government focus more on tourism industry on 1980s, because of the decrease in oil and world economic crisis. Tourism industry not only affects positively on economy also affect the increase foreign exchange earnings, taxes revenues and job opportunities on 1980s. Consequently, the government was established one more department called The Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism on 1987 and TDC has merged to this department become to the Ministry of Tourism in 2004. In order to encourage and improve private and local investment in tourism industry government was launched two types of funds to help the investors on 2001, which is Tourism Infrastructure Fund with allocation of RM 700 million and Special Fund for Tourism Infrastructure with allocation of RM 400 million. Nevertheless, in 2005 the government increase the Tourism Infrastructure funds to RM 1.2 billion. (Government Malaysia, 2006) In 1980, international tourist of arrivals in Malaysia only 2.3million and the receipts revenue were RM 7 billion but its increase year by year. In 1999, Malaysia Tourism board has launched one campaign call Malaysia Truly Asia; it is a program that promotes Malaysia to worldwide tourist. Due to this campaign, Malaysia receipts 7.9 million of international tourist arrivals in Malaysia and receipts around RM 12.3 billion revenue. Moreover, during year 2001 until 2005 there have many terrorism attacks issue and natural disaster occur, it affect the growth of tourism industry and economy in Malaysia, especially on year 2003 and year 2004 there have terrorism and SARS issue in that two years the economic and tourism industry in Malaysia was decline, therefore Tourism Malaysia was launched Visit Malaysia Year on 2007, its success to increase the international tourists arrivals numbers to 20.9 million and receipts around RM 46.1 billion revenue.( Tourism Malaysia Statistics, 2010). Figure 1, it shows that during year 2000 to 2009 international tourists arrivals to Malaysia and receipts, it increase year by year. In order to develop tourism in Malaysia, Tourism Malaysia was launched one campaign that can stimulate the economic in Malaysia. The campaign is called Malaysia My Second Home Programme (MM2H), which is promoted by the government of Malaysia, this programme is encourage and allow the foreigners come to Malaysia to invest and stay in Malaysia for long time. This programme bring a lot of foreign exchange and investors to Malaysia, it can helps the economy and increase the job opportunities in Malaysia. Besides that, Ministry of Tourism Malaysia work with many sectors to launch many programmes to helps the economy and tourism such as student tourism programme which attract more overseas student come to Malaysia having education once they come to Malaysia to study, there can earn more foreign exchange; this programme is collaboration with Minister of Education. Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010), because of the revenue of foreign exchange are keep growing and for maintain it government Malaysia will develop Malaysia as a main international tourist destination while will enhancing domestic tourism during 2006 to 2010. Besides that, under the Ninth Malaysia Plan one of the main programmes is the government will allocate RM 1 billion of an expenditure of improving access and facilities for tourist arrivals, upgrade and maintaining the public and tourist infrastructure and on some marketing campaigns in major source markets. On the other hand, government Malaysia started to develop Malaysia as a regional centre for health tourism, it can attract more and difference of investment and visitor come and Malaysia for travel and invest.(Government Malaysia, 2006) According to Tourism Minister Datuk Seri Ng Yan Yan saying that Tourism Malaysia is target to attract around 2.4 million of international tourist arrival to Malaysia in year 2010, and more focus in Middle East, China and India because these country they are more sufficient visibility and will promote and encourage them join the MM2H programme and invest in Malaysia. 2.2 Changes of Tourism Demand and Tourism Supply Nowadays, tourist behaviours are keeping changing therefore the tourism demand and tourism supply also need to change. Changes of the tourism supply may take to two forms; one is a quantity change which is the number of the new facilities, attraction and shopping complex or the expansions and contraction in capacity. Once the tourists increase, the demand also will increase therefore the quantity form must keep changing to satisfy and fulfil tourists demand like create more new facilities and infrastructure like airports and tourist attractions. Another form is quality changes, which is respect to the environment and the local infrastructure and public services that support to the tourism or the local tourism products and services. The environment and economic are keep changing and getting better, so that tourists demand and their aspects are getting higher, such as the quality of accommodation, food and beverage of the restaurant and satisfaction of the service. In spite of, fulfil tourists satisfaction all the infrastructure and services must be more standard. However, the changes of tourist demand is the tourists arrivals population changes, changes in the competitive position or marketing of the region and the changing of the consumers tastes and preferences, their shopping activity and the method of spending. The income will effect to the tourist expenditure, during the financial crisis period no matter is international tourist or domestic tourist their income are affected by the financial crisis therefore when they went to travel or shopping they wont spend too much and some of them are less to go travel and shopping. Other than that, the changes of demand also include the competitive, it also will affect the tourists arrival for Malaysia and it will directly affect the economic. Every year, many countries will launch out their own tourism year to attract international tourist to visit to their country and promote their country. Therefore, it will affect the number of tourists arrival. For understand more about the international tourist demand. The volume and the evolution of tourist flows are investigated by using the number of international tourist arrivals for the year of 2005 -2009. Figure 2, it show that the international tourist arrivals to the Malaysia during 2005-2009. In year 2005, there have 16.4 million of tourist arrivals to Malaysia, and year 2009 there have 23.6 million of tourist arrival to Malaysia it increase around 7.2 million. In that period, the number of arrivals are growing slowing due to there have many natural disaster occur and financial crisis. In year 2009, Malaysia receipts a lot of Asias tourist, therefore the tourist demand was changing. There are many Europe tourist is flow out to other country, so that in 2009 Europe tourist has decrease. In Table 1, it show that the importance of the Asia markets according to 2009 data on numbers of tourists arrivals. The major tourism market for Malaysia is focus on Asia Pacific; especially Singapore represents more than 50% of tourist arrivals, second is Indonesia represent around 12% of total Asias tourist arrivals. 2.3 Economic impacts of Tourism in Malaysia When discussing the economic impacts of tourism, will touch on how the economic affect the tourism and how the tourism industry influence the economic. In year 1997 to 2000, the global economic downturn, it serious to affect the tourism industry in Malaysia, in year 2000 the international tourist arrivals only get 10.2 million and receipt 17.8 billion of revenue. On that financial crisis period, many tourism industry were facing financial problem it is because the economy of that period is unstable, there are less people are going travel all around the world. The hotel and the travel agencies will facing cant get their room occupancy and less booking and reservations problem, so they need to cut down their manpower, and they offer their workers to work less hours and paying low salary or hire labour that from other country because their salary and wages is cheaper than local labour, therefore many local people losing their jobs. Due to economy downturn, there are less tourist come to Malaysia to travel, the foreign exchange earnings and tax revenue and job opportunities are decline and decrease. Once the local peoples income is affected, they will reduce to expend their money, it will influence many industries. According to Archer (1989) states that economic impact analysis is an economic approach used to measure inter alia the amount of income, government revenue, employment and imports generated in an economy by the direct and secondary effects of the tourist expenditure. Direct effects is the tourist paying and spending their money directly flow through the economy or the tourism sectors, for example, the tourist spent RM 1500 for lodging and this amount of money will directly affect the sales in the hotel sector, and the hotel will using this money to pay for labour wages and salary and paying various government taxes and charges. Secondary effect is the sales, and job resulting from the activity generated other companies or industry of the economic system because of the demand of the tourism industry. For example, the hotel need to buys cutlery and cooking material from supplier to deliver the services to their customers. The cutlery and cooking material supplier also need to buys raw materials and machinery from other industries, therefore the sales of the supplier and other industries, income and job opportunities is related and come from direct effect. On the other hand, tourism industry can contribute many foreign exchange, gross domestic product (GDP), government taxes revenue and job opportunities to Malaysia. Every year, Malaysia received many tourists that come from other country, once the tourist come to Malaysia to travel it will bring a lot of foreign exchange, increase Malaysias gross domestic product (GDP) and increase government taxes revenue. 2.4 Positive and negative impacts Once discuss about impact of certain issue, there have positive and negative impacts will be discussed. The positive and negative impacts are must related to the local community, because local community playing an important role in tourism and economic. Without local community, the tourism and economic cant get their target. Positive impacts: (1) Increasing the gross domestic product (GDP), increase foreign exchange earnings and increase government revenue like taxes collection Tourism can bring many foreign exchanges to Malaysia, and it also increases the gross domestic product within Malaysia. Once the foreign tourist come to Malaysia travel they will spend and they will pay the government taxes and charge while they staying in hotel or they went to shopping, it can increase the taxes and charges revenue of Malaysia. (2) Contribute and increase job opportunities Tourism can contribute a lot of job opportunities, once the economy growth the tourism sectors such as hotel, restaurant, theme park, travel agencies and etc, they will hire more workers to fulfil their requirements. Tourism is a more seasonal industry, because there have peak season and shoulder season in a year. When peak season, many tourism sectors will hire more workers or wants their workers work overtime and they will increase their wages and salaries. (3) Increase local community income and improving the living standard In some rural area and some place that is create as tourist attraction, therefore it will attract many tourist go to visit and travel. Tourism brings a lot of tourist to that place it helps the economy on that area more thriving and prosperous because once many tourists go there, the local community have a chance to earn money and satisfy the tourist demand. Once the local communitys income increase, their living standard also will improve. (4) Improves and increase investments, development and infrastructure Tourism not only can bring a lot of foreign exchange, it also can bring a lot of investment to Malaysia. There are many international hotel come to invest in Malaysia, they will invest to local hotel or open new hotel. It will attract more investors to come Malaysia to invest other industry, and it can increase Malaysias international investment. When there many tourist and investors come and visit Malaysia, they will using and evaluate the facilities and infrastructure, it will effect Malaysias goodwill. Therefore, government will develop and upgrade some of the facilities and infrastructure, it not only benefit to the tourist, and local community also will get the benefit of it. Negative impacts: (1) Inflation Tourism developments often generate inflationary effects on local economies relating to land, property and goods. The prices of goods, services, land and housing will increase because of the tourism. If all the prices of the goods and services are increasing but the local communitys income didnt increase, therefore their living standard will be affected. (2) Increases potential for imported labour Because of the tourism is a seasonal industry, there have peak season and low season in a year. Therefore, when in low season or on financial crisis many tourism sectors will hire labour that come from third country because their wages and salaries are cheap and lower than the local people. Nowadays, many restaurant, theme park and hotel are hiring many imported labour, so that it will affect local communitys job opportunities. (3) Leakage Leakage is means repatriation of profits generated from foreign capital investment or capital flight. A leakage will occurs is when the money will flow out to the economy of a region because a local consumer has purchased a product from an outside supplier. For example, if a theme park needs to buy a playing machine like roller coaster but it couldnt found in Malaysia, therefore they need to buy it from other country. Due to that kind of reason, there are many money will flow out to the country. Another reason is Tourism Malaysia need to promote Malaysia to all around the world, therefore they need to do promotion in overseas, and government will spend a lot of money to advertise in overseas, so that the money will goes to other country. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 General Methodology This study will use quantitative analyse technique. Quantitative technique is suitable for researcher or hotelier to monitor customer satisfaction and estimate the growth of international tourist arrival, economic analysis, tourist demand and receipts on the local economy. (Shane Hall, 2010) For measure customers satisfaction of services or tourist demand will using satisfaction surveys to complete it. Other than satisfaction survey, also survey of tourist profile, which is to measure the tourist profile such as country of origin, length of stay and details of expenditure and etc. Those survey will printed on questionnaire form, will asking the tourist to rate the satisfaction of the services, their experience, the quality of accommodations or food and will ask the tourist come for which country, how much they willing to spend during the trip and income. 3.2 Research Design In this research will analyze the number of international tourists arrival to Malaysia, how it affects to economic. The dependant variables is the tourism demand, in this tourism demand is include the number of tourist arrivals, tourist expenditure and number of tourist nights. To measure the volume of the tourism is to use the number of tourist arrivals in Malaysia from other country. The number of tourist arrivals can clearly to show the demand for tourism. In this study, all the international tourists arrivals statistics is published by Ministry of Tourism Malaysia. Moreover, the independent variables are the tourist income, changes of employment and number of investment etc. 3.3 Sources of Data In this research all the data is using secondary data, which is the data is from Ministry of Tourism Malaysia. 3.3.1 Secondary Data All methods of data collection can supply quantitative data (numbers, statistics or financial) or qualitative data (usually words or text). Quantitative data may often be presented in tabular or graphical form. Secondary data is data that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose to yours. For example, this could mean using: data collected by a hotel on its customers through its guest history system data supplied by a marketing organisation annual company reports government statistics. Surveysgo interview government, tourism board to get the data primary is something tat u will do for get ur own date secondary is date tat get from perious researcher 3.4 Sampling Technique 3.4.1 Respondents 3.5 Statistical Treatment of Data Measure customer satisfaction by using satisfaction surveys. A high level of customer satisfaction is an important outcome measure for hospitality-related businesses, such as hotels, restaurants, and resorts. Satisfaction surveys can be printed on a postcard-sized form with questions asking customers to rate their satisfaction with various aspects of their visit, such as quality of accommodations, food and service. The surveys can ask customers to rate their experience with a Likert scale of responses (e.g., excellent, good, fair, poor). These responses can be numerically coded in a spreadsheet and analyzed with frequency distributions and descriptive statistics. Estimate the impact of the hospitality and tourism industry by using input-output analysis. This matrix-based method of economic analysis shows how parts of a system are affected by changes in one part of a system. The hospitality industry consists of different sectors, including hotels, restaurants, resorts, convention facilities, airlines, and other sectors. Each of these sectors can be thought of as inputs that combine to produce a local or regional economic impact. Use longitudinal methods of analysis, such as time-series regression techniques, to analyze the hospitality industry over time. Managers of hospitality and tourism-related businesses are likely to encounter longitudinal data, such as sales figures over multiple years, average daily hotel rates compared to other hotels, restaurant and hotel sales figures over a number of years, or hotel occupancy rates. Regression, which analyzes the impact of one of more independent variables over an outcome (dependent variable) of interest, such as sales or occupancy rates, provides a useful technique of analysis.

Copyright in Cyberspace Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Copyright in Cyberspace That cyberspace has had and will have a significant impact on our lives is fact. People, however, love to take this effect to the extreme, saying that cyberspace is tending more and more toward lawlessness and anarchy. Popular phrases include: â€Å"Cyberspace will render law ineffective.† â€Å"There is no way to police cyberspace.† â€Å"The government cannot penetrate cyberspace with its laws and regulations.† These are all relatively common views. Part of this trend is the belief that intellectual property cannot be protected on the Internet because of perceived inherent characteristics of cyberspace. Some even believe this to be a good thing, that there should be no barriers that hinder the flow of information, no protection over an author’s publications. I argue the contrary. Cyberspace can and will become the subject of some sort of regulatory force. We are compelled to erase anarchy from the confines of cyberspace. We are impelled to pro tect the laws of copyright—the laws of real space can and should be made to apply to cyberspace. We have the technology and insight to do so. Now we must begin the process of breaking the code of lawlessness and replacing it with the code of order. The Social Value of Copyright A copyright is a federal property right granted for original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible medium. To qualify as original, the work must exhibit only a modicum of originality; that is, it must only be slightly original. As long as the work was not copied in its entirety from another source, it qualifies as original. The work does not have to be novel or unique or ingenious, just independently created.[1] The first copyright statute, launched in 1790,... ...ns/jec/html†¦, 2. [17] Ibid, 3. [18] Lessig, 138-139. [19] â€Å"Of Governance and Technology,† Inter@ctive WeekOnline, 2 October 1998. [20] Lessig, 25. [21] Ibid. [22] Lessig, 6. [23] National Research Council: Committee on Intellectual Property Rights and the Emerging Information Structure, The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age, (Washington, DC: National Academy Press 2000) 152-156. [24] Ibid 157-161. [25] Peter Albert, Jr and Laff, Whitesel & Saret, Ltd, 281. [26] The Digital Dilemma, 167. [27] Mark Stefik, â€Å"Letting Loose the Light: Igniting Commerce in Electronic Publication,† in Internet Dreams: Archetypes, Myths and Metaphors, ed and compiled by Mark Stefik (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997) 227. [28] Lessig, 129. [29] Cohen, 29-33. [30] Stefik, 243. [31] The Digital Dilemma, 167.

The role of knowledge management in innovation Essay -- Analysis, Mari

This article has been written by Marina du Plessis in 2007. The author intends to make clear the role of knowledge management in innovation as an assist to addressing this complexity and clarify the role of knowledge management in innovation as an aid to addressing this complexity. This is a viewpoint paper which is based on literature research and personal experiences and interpretation from the author. She uses the simple sentences and easy to be understood even for the first timer reader. Furthermore, the arrangement of the content is such an empirical paper that may attract readers to read the article. As the other empirical paper, this study also provides abstract that summarises the whole content of this research paper. According to the author, Plessis (2007), the complexity of innovation has increased by growth in the amount of knowledge available to organizations as basis for innovation. This statement is agreed by other researchers, Adams and Lamont (2003); Cardinal et al., (2001); Darroch and McNaughton (2002); Pyka (2002) and Shani et al., (2003) who state that innovation is really dependent on the availability of knowledge and therefore the complexity created by the blast of richness and reach of knowledge has to be identified and managed to ensure successful innovation. Besides that, in a previous study that has been conducted by Ruggles, R. & Little R. (1997), they also have the positive opinion about knowledge management and innovation when they assert that innovation as one end to which knowledge management can be applied. Additionally, innovation has been demonstrated to be a key value creator for organizations, in both times of cost cutting and in times of growth. As such, it stands out as one excellent objectiv... ... teams or learning-by-doing capabilities, which leads to new product and process innovations. Besides that, explicit knowledge is also an important component of innovation. Rodan (2002) in his case study asserts that if one views the conï ¬â€šuence of tacit and explicit knowledge elements that create a new idea as probabilistic, increasing the opportunities for the said conï ¬â€šuence of knowledge elements should raise the frequency of new combinations occurring, thus positively impacting innovation. As a conclusion, it is clear that knowledge management plays a vital essential role in innovation. Therefore, it is very crucial for both knowledge management professional and innovation to understand the systematic relationship between these concepts and the value that it can generate in respect of creating and maintaining sustainable competitive advantage for organisation.

Technologies Impact on the Legal Profession Essay -- Law Lawyer Techno

Technologies Impact on the Legal Profession Law is a profession that has been important to the culture of our world since its beginning. Societies across the globe are each governed by a unique fabric of ethics and laws. Therefore, each culture has its own system formed to enforce those designated codes and standards. As early as 1792 B.C., the Babylonians had a written code of law. Known as the Hammurabi, this set of articles was designed to set up an orderly society. [1]Our government is formed by the Constitution laid out by our fore fathers in the early eighteenth century. This document lays out the form of our three branched government system, consisting of the legislative, executive, and judiciary braches. The judiciary branch is shaped as a system of courts to judge citizens that have broken the rules that are set by the legislative branch. In the majority of these courtroom scenarios, lawyers are used to argue for both the defense and the prosecution. The law professional, because of this, is one profession that has re mained interminable throughout history. Although law has always been with us, it does adapt to the present culture, and its effectiveness is based on the technologies of the day and the ability to best utilized them and grow with them. The men that formed the government of the United States realized that they had to form a system that would not only provide fairness and legal equality for its citizens, but also be able to adjust to the changing culture to endure that it remains fair for all generations. They understood that as society evolved over time, there would need to be new laws created to govern new crimes. In the years that our country was founded, modern technologies did not exist. Therefor... ...m a computer. These forms of research are important for business cases and can even be useful in the identity theft crimes that have become so widespread. There will of course have to be standards set regarding what information is allowable in the courtroom, and how far a lawyer may go to get the research. Technology however has opened many windows of possibility that at one time were not available. The legal profession may have been a profession practiced and embossed on our culture by our forefathers, but with today’s use of technology, it has evolved in many ways. It now utilizes forms of scientific research and the latest forms of researching tools, to help keep a society in order and to give peace to every citizen. A lawyer’s job is an important one, and the technological progressions in our culture have done much to advance its strength and effectiveness.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fast Food Essay

Food that we eat today has changed more in the past 30 years, than in the past 3,000 years. What is even more astonishing is that these changes have occurred without the public even knowing it or having the chance to debate it. How has this happened? We are now a culture that is very distant from where our food comes from. We are alienated from our food industry. We don’t see how the food is made or what chemicals, food coloring or fillers are added to them and this can be very dangerous for us. Fast food companies are especially guilty of wanting to hide information of how their food was made. Many would be in disbelief if they knew where their burgers and chicken nuggets really came from. With the popularity of the fast food chains and trying to make meals faster and cheaper, animals are now raised different. Birds now live in one building for their entire life until slaughter. Chickens are fed grains with antibiotics and arsenic to help them to grow faster and bigger. Chickens have become so obese from the feed and not having any space to walk in, they are having heart attacks and dying among the other chickens. In the hog facility, you will see thousands of hogs in one building their entire life. They will never breathe the fresh air outside nor spend time in the outdoor sun and eat off the land. In addition, the cattle are given growth hormones in their ears to help them grow faster. Fast food is convenient and a popular part of American culture. Although fast food is sometimes criticized for being unhealthy, fast food does have its advantages. What is Fast Food? Fast food refers to food that is prepared quickly. It is normally served at a counter or drive-thru window within minutes of placing an order. Fast food establishments typically do not employ wait staff. Customers simply seat themselves after ordering. Fast Food Saves Time Fast food saves time in today’s fast-paced society. People can order fast food on their way to or from work, without ever leaving their car. Fast food is also designed to come in small packaging so that people can consume it while traveling. Light on the Wallet Eating fast food can save a lot of money for large families, students and anyone else looking to eat out without breaking the bank. Many fast food chains offer discount menus with foods costing a dollar or less. Customers also avoid having to leave a tip when they choose a fast food establishment over a typical restaurant. Getting Healthier Many fast food places now offer healthier options to keep up with popular demand. In addition to typical fast food favorites such as burgers and fries, most fast food places now offer healthy alternatives such as salads, grilled chicken, yogurt, fruit and wraps. Popular Places to Find Fast Food Some of the most popular fast food chains include McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Taco Bell, KFC, Burger King, Sonic, In-N-Out Burger, Subway, Arby’s and Dunkin’ Donuts. Facts About the Dangers of Eating Fast Food The convenience, price and predictability of fast food makes it a frequent meal choice for many people. However, as consumption of fast food has risen over the last three decades, so too have occurrences of several health issues and diseases related to fast food and unhealthy eating habits. Eaten regularly, fast food can put you at an increased risk for developing diabetes, heart disease or obesity. Fast Food Contributes to Obesity Fast food is a major contributor to rising occurrences of obesity. Calorie-laden fast food meals can contain nearly a full day’s worth of calories and fat and, eaten regularly, can increase your chances of obesity. According to CBS News Health Watch, almost one-third of U.S children between the ages of 4 and 19 consume fast food which, depending on the regularity which with fast food is eaten, can cause a 6-pound weight increase per year. Fast Food increases Diabetes Along with obesity, consumption of fast food has been linked to an increased chance of developing Type 2 Diabetes. In Type 2 Diabetes, either your body is unable to regulate blood sugar with insulin, or is unable to produce insulin. Increased body fat, along with a high-sugar and high-carbohydrate diet, can increase your body’s resistance to insulin, which monitors your blood sugar levels. An article published by the US Department of Health and Human Services states that people who ate fast food two or more times per week were twice as likely to experience insulin resistance. Fast Food is High in Sodium Fast food is typically very high in sodium. A large order of fast food french fries can contain as much as 30% of your daily value of sodium. While important to consume in small amounts, a diet high in sodium can lead to high blood pressure, a potential precursor to heart disease. As excess sodium builds up in your bloodstream, your heart must work harder to pump blood successfully, which can cause hypertension and high blood pressure. Regularly consuming foods high in sodium can greatly increase your chances of developing high blood pressure. Fast Food is Low in Nutrients Many fast food are low in nutrients. Hamburgers served on white bread, french fries and other high-carbohydrate sides and fried or high-fat meats are common fast food menu items, and all lack important nutrients such as vitamins found in fresh produce, fiber found in whole grains and protein served without added fat. Foods which are high in sugar and carbohydrates but low in nutrients are also often less filling than healthier options, and can lead to overeating. Furthermore, non-nutritious fast food several times per week can impact your energy levels and mood, and may put you at risk for vitamin deficiency The Dangers of Fast Food The fast food industry has added every chemical possible that they can legally get away with to addict people to their food. In fact, if you eat fast food and you stop eating it, you actually go through withdrawal symptoms. It’s like a drug. Not only that, the preservatives are so high in these fast food burgers these days that the product does not even break down. Fast food has been linked in the increase in obesity in both adults and children. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in our country, particularly in children.

Historical Report on Race Essay

A biography that we thought was best for us and our kids to gravel up in. We produced our own food, shelter and weapons and provided for ourselves in the most natural elan possible. It wasnt al way of lifes idle though, and others seen more nurse come on of our fine-tune and resources than us. I was pressure off my commonwealth and had to adapt to the immature peoples way of life. That in which they called a white-hot society this society created many act upons in my life time in ordi soil to weaken our society such as those of the Allotment prompt and the Reorganization Act (Schaefer, p. 47, 2012). People of my cultural lived on reservations, we had learned to separate ourselves and adopt our own way of life and government. innate Americans had created their own nation and it ca personad and has caused a lot of tension mingled with us and the U. S. coating. As a homegrown American, we were all about live the traditionalistic way of life. at that place was comfo rt to our land and the resources that we used and the white people jimmyd and did take it from us.It seemed as if we were constantly at war with the white people so that we could protect what we thought was rightfully ours. They had created an act cognise as the Indian remotion Act, which was passed in 1830 (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). This opened more land for settlement and allowed people to come in and take over our reservations (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). In 1946, recounting had created the Indian Claims Commission (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). This was a proficient thing for us, or so we thought. It meant that at long last our voice was going to be heard.There were three members apart of the commission, and they were given a five year deadline, but on that point kept getting extension subsequently extension, until in 1978 the whole thing was abolished (Schaefer p. 155, 2012). At times, it seemed as if whitethornbe the government was nerve-wracking to help us, that or they were trying to use us. In 1952, the BIA began programs, so that they could relocate junior Native Americans to Urban areas and by 1962 they had created what was called the appointment Assistance program also known as the EAP (Schaefer, p 157, 2012).Basically there primary goal was to relocate us by offering us amend jobs opportunities that, that of the reservation could not offer. But this figure had soon standfired on them. By 1965, tail to one third of the people in the EAP had returned home to their reservations (Schaefer p. 157, 2012). Today, most of our land has been taken from us and no longer exist. Native Americans themselves are not being treat as badly as we were back therefore, but its the culture and our separate that continues to be insulted. Schools declare such a thing as mascots, and they create names for them.They use those such as the Braves or Redskins. Those names have a core to the Native American culture, it tends to bring up the past for us, and thou gh there intentions may not be that of insulting us, about of us simulatet like it too much. It hasnt always been easy for us, and at times I wanted to give up. But everything seems to turn out for the better. Ive learned that every culture and person has their own way of quick and when someone sees a greater valuate of that persons liveness then they have to have it.Things dont always have to be that way people can come up with their own greater value of living. Remember, you dont always have to have someone elses greater value to have a greater value of your own. Make an even better living for yourself than trying to take someone elses. I hope you learned well from this letter and I wish you the best. Your Friend Resources Schaefer, R. T. (2012). racial and Ethnic Groups (13th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Counseling gifted students

The boor who is expert has unlike sets of contendinesss and challenges which ar indeed intricate ones. The bigger bulk of responsibility lies in the batforce of the p bents and then the rail day. A lot of studies have been conducted to put what these occupys argon, how one gifted tyke differs from an another(prenominal), and the vary interventions that whitethorn be employed to enhance and concern the unique requirements of the gifted boor. This paper attempts to explain in precis guidelines in counseling the gifted students fit to how they conduct themselves in spite of appearance and outside the academe.This give include a discussion of some issues that address the parents roles and those that may be acquainted with the students. Discussion Giftedness comes in assorted styluss, and educators, parents alike follow some hard and betting rules in determining students who fall into specific categories of giftedness. This unimpeachably spells problems as findin gs in studies show. Background Terman brought the Binet intelligence bloodline to the United States in the early 1920s. This intelligence analyze became widely workoutd for categorizations of giftedness as well.Eventually, other tools were demonstrable to classify giftedness since the measurement of intelligence was no endless sufficient to put people or children into the categorizations. For instance, some(prenominal) an(prenominal) who got aver advance or below average haemorrhoid in the tests possess creativity in other areas not fair(a) measured in the IQ tests. During Lewis Termans term, he succeeded to identify many with cxxx and above IQs who faired and did well in professional work. deceased was the picture of a puny, pasty-faced bookworm (Papalia et al., 2001)which used to pull in someone with proud intelligence. What emerged were profiles of well-adjusted, vocationally superior students and adults. With this sample, in that location was not one who came out a s a person as close to the intellectual cognitive content as that of Einstein. Einstein was thought to be exposit as possessing the insatiable labour and the furious caprice to understand (Papalia et al. , 2001 in Michel more than(prenominal), 1962, p. 24). Today, many specialists look into the minds of a gifted student by defining and bar creativity.This implicates that a person possesses the ability to provide a novel idea or solution to a problem, moderate solutions which others have not discovered before, or finding very unusual solutions. It expects into consideration that high creativity may not be plant with the high academic intelligence criterion. Classic researches by Anastasi and Schaefer 1971, Getzels in 1964, 1984, Getzels and Jackson in 1962, 1963, all identify the modest correlations linking IQ and creativity (Papalia et al. , 2001).From this development, Guilford proposed the two kinds of sentiment the convergent and divergent. IQ tests measure convergent thought which looks for accurate and single correct answer or solution. The tests for creativity seek divergent type of persuasion (Papalia et al. , 2001 in Guilford, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1967, 1986 & Torrance, 1966, 1974). Interventions and Enrichment Programs are varied depending on the cornerstone in which the student/s is enrolled however, most schools are mandated and are trained to identify or spotlight children with gifted or majestic abilities.The US division of Education identifies the basic two approaches employed in meeting the complex needs of this oftentimes marginalized component of students. Enrichment enlarges and intensifies skills and association base by providing the student with special classroom projects or activities field trips feces be very crucial to enhancing a students creativity and coaching by an expert in the childs specific talent or interest. Another approach is acceleration which is oftentimes urged by experts and educators.Children skip a g rade or take a placement test to be classify in a specific or limited subject or advanced personal credit lines. The counseling course then often takes a route on these two approaches. Once the child is identified as possessing some remarkable qualities that are unusual to his age or group, the parents are advised to provide the enrichment the child needs. In whatever the case, teachers often are primed(p) in positions to identify these creative streaks and expected to make the necessary interventions to attention the student make use of his talents.In most cases, children suffer some debilitating handicaps collectable to their unusual creativity such as a combination of ADHD and the giftedness (they call it twice exceptional) (Mahoney, 2007). This is where parents and specially teachers essential be fully trained to spot complications that go with being gifted. What a teacher can do for gifted students One of the glaring realities of academics is that with conventionalit y schooling, majority of the school materials are based on developmental norms. This only means one of the essence(predicate) and relevant thing concerning the gifted student they are highly inappropriate for him.Hence, even if many of these teachers may be willing to find ways to help them, the teachers may have deficiencies in handling their cases or the experience to know what efforts to pursue that are more applicable to these students. For instance, the regular manner of teaching is the reductionistic manner the taking of large chunks of information and breaking these into prickle sized portions for schoolchildren. However, in stark contrast, the minds of the highly exceptional have the capacity to swallow large portions of these materials in a single time.They thrive on more complex and difficult subjects. Because of this scenario, students who receive normal school treatment may be forced to go at the slow pace and may bet incapable among their peers. Teachers must be mad e informed that alongside other difficulties, specific manifestations may be evident as symptoms of their difficulties e. g. , having messy school work because their hands cannot cope with the speed of their minds, or may even be poor spellers and poor performers in rote memorization. In other words, these students with their contrasting difficulties just dont seem to fit.Students with exceptional abilities need the help of not only one or two people but if possible many individuals. It takes a concerted and coordinated effort from contrastive entities for many students with giftedness to benefit from. There is first and beginning(a) the contribution of the commandmental community as cardinal and crucial partners to assure that the following outcomes be attain 1) Every individual with exceptionalities be provided with individualized assistant and encouragement from a professionally competent as well as caring or empathetic specialist.This means that students with exceptional ities are recipients of the expertise of teachers with the right trainings school pleaders with sufficient skills and knowledge in guiding individual students with more than average capabilities and an educational pool of experts within the community whose aims or goals are to keep on innovating the strategies to enhance the students abilities. 2) That the educator whose practice is geared towards giftedness be empowered and provided with the right opportunities for teaching and learning rough-and-ready means of this specific profession.This implies that not only in the national, regional level, every teacher or teacher in each local anaesthetic institution twain in the private and public arena be given the chance for the basics in observe giftedness and guiding problems and challenges that exceptional students face. 3) That validated and effective instructional practice and training be used in the specialty ensuring the students of updated methods and unconscious processes in the field of giftedness (Coleman, 2000). The School counselings roleThe rationale for laws that are put in place requiring every school employing the services of a school counselor is well supported by researches for the special and constant needs of students who come with different degrees and measures of difficulties. Because the viewpoint of highly gifted students is definitely beyond what ordinary students may envision their circumstances, academics and life in general may be, this heightened perception always entail disadvantageous results in their manner of conducting their lives. At the outset, with this picture, children must have caring adults who see their world and the way they perceive things.What are the basic needs that children or students have with highly exceptional abilities? Two elemental needs are important to picture the need for these students to feel comfortable with their giftedness that create both commodious possibilities as well as their corresponding difficulties, and the need to cultivate, expand, and utilize their potential. In addition, the powerful internal drive to highlight and build on these abilities may be frustrated or blunted by several(prenominal) means with dire consequences resulting to a students paralyzing emotional injury.The goal then for the parents, teacher or school counselor is to magnify on the child becoming an asset rather than emphasizing on such possibilities as pursuing and achieving fame, high economical status or even a Nobel Prize. It is important that the goal for the educational community is for gifted students who will develop into an individual adult who will nonplus comfortable with his innate capabilities and has used them productively. Issues of Confidentiality and the need to shop Many problems are faced by students who are highly creative.This includes the need to conform to the majority, seemingly miss in motivation, lack of insights into their asynchronicity, the parental lack in ter ms of knowledge or understanding into their childs dilemmas, underachievement and a host of others. These are make headway complicated by lack of experts in the local level. To be specific, school counselors will have to examine the eventualities when counselees are confronted with concerns such as confidentiality and the need to disclose. psychotherapeutics or counseling with minors is quite a challenging work considering that its very nature poses many complications in many areas.There are ethical and effectual issues to consider aside from protecting confidentiality for the minor client. The healer must have acquired a comprehensive knowledge (a priori knowledge, as expected from a professional psychotherapist) with regards to the complexities confused in an issue/s he or she will be dealing with to steer unsnarl further unnecessary complications. Applying ethical standards, to breach the confidentiality of things of which the counselor has become a privy to because of the clients trust might be necessary considering the general scenario.For one thing, the patient is until now a minor. The parents must be involved in the whole process of counseling until emotional and mental healing is achieved (ASCA, A. 7. , A. 8. , and B. 1, 1998). In surveys conducted, there is a common sentiment by teens that eventually, when there is endangerment and/or threats that may be involved, they bear to having that confidentiality breached. They would still want their parents or caregivers to be at last involved and included in their dilemma (Isaacs & Stone, 1999).Based on this study, the minors expect that though their privacy ought to be respected, they also recognized that there are still certain limitations to this confidentiality. At the bottom of this problem is the lead of collaboration of parents, the child, the school with the teachers and school counselor in active roles and the other aspects of the society. What is crucial here is the time and effort expe nded to thoroughly explain the limitations of confidentiality and other aliment existing within the helping relationship (Isaacs & Stone, 1999).It is not foolproof and perfect but so far-off the best approach in every state of affairs where minors are the primary clients. Reference American School Counselor Association. 1998. Ethical Standards for school counselors. Alexandria. VA Author. Retrieved February 18, 2008. Bourg, Allison, 2007. focusing the Gifted Andy Mahoney puts talent, experience to good use. Retrieved February 28, 2008. Coleman, M. R. 2000. Conditions for special education training CEC Commission Technical Report.Arlington, VA. Isaacs, M. L. , & C. Stone. 1999. School Counselors and confidentiality Factors impact professional choices. Professional School Counseling, 2(4). 258 -267. Accessed February 8, 2008. ProQuest Database. Isaacs, M. L. , & C. Stone. 2001. Confidentiality with minors kind health Counselors attitudes toward breaching or preserving confide ntiality. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 23(4), 342-357 Accessed February 18, 2008. Papalia, Diane, Sally W. Olds &Ruth D. Feldman. 2001. Human development, 8th ed. McGraw Hill. U. S. A.