The Gospel By Martin Luther - 952 Words

Always preach in such a way that if the people listening do not come to hate their sin, they will instead hate you – Martin Luther. When I first read this quote, a thought of me in high school came to my mind. When I was in high school my catholic religion teacher use to constantly give me detentions because I didn’t want to take flowers to a Virgin Mary statue. I use to end up getting in an argument and actually telling her that one of the commandments say do not worship any idols, and she will fight back saying it is part of the gospel. But did she really know what the gospel was? A very good question to ask a Christian is: What is the gospel? Shockingly many Christian have the same belief, but different answers. Reading this book opened up my eyes and helped me understand more about what the gospel is. In this book it explains in four chapters these four main points: God, Men, Christ, Men. First, it explains who God is, he is the creator of the heaven, earth, human and animals, he is also perfect, almighty, and compassionate. Yes, all those things are true about god, but there is also a view of god that people do not like to hear. God does not leave the wicked unpunished. God loves righteousness and justice. In Genesis 6:11 the bible says that the world was corrupted and full of violence so god said to Noah that he was going to put an end to it and he did. Since god is a perfect god and cannot see sin in order to clean the world of sin he had to send down his wrath. OnShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther And His Influence On Peasant Results951 Words   |  4 PagesDecember 11, 2015 Martin Luther and His Influence on Peasant Results Martin Luther was one of the most influential people in Christian history, when he began the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. He questioned some of the basic beliefs and principles of the Roman Catholic church and his followers split from the Roman Catholic to begin the protestant tradition. Martin Luther spent a few years at the monastery and finally became an Augustinian monk. Martin Luther gained religious enlightenmentRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln924 Words   |  4 Pages(Archives.gov). Despite the fact that the Emancipation Proclamation did not free all slaves, it paved the way for African-American to fight for freedom. It also changed the focus of war and freedom for slaves became a new focus of war. Moreover, Martin Luther King Jr. was not a United States president, however, he too paved the way for African-Americans. He was a Civil Rights activist, leader, Baptist Minister and Humanitarian. King is historically known for bringing equality for all regardless of raceRead MoreCriteria For A Nobel Prize996 Words   |  4 PagesNobel Laureate As Lutheran Pastor, it should not be a surprise that I have chosen the 16th Century Reformer Martin Luther as the first Nobel Laureate in Pauline Leadership. Martin Luther was an Augustinian monk and priest, who received a doctorate in theology and was ultimately given a post as a professor at the University of Wittenberg (Bishop, n.d.). â€Å"It was at Wittenberg that Luther began to question several of the doctrines of the Roman Church. His ideas of penance and righteousness, as wellRead MoreMartin Luther, The Perfect Man949 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther, the perfect man to bring about the reformation, was very obedient to God and due to this he brought about a lot of controversy. Martin Luther was the perfect catalyst for the reformation because once he knew what God wanted him to do, he would do it no matter what the consequences would be. That is the exact kind of person that God needs to bring about His work. In Genesis 19:26, speaking of Lot’s wife, it says, à ¢â‚¬Å"But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Small Catechism1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe Small Catechism was written in 1529 by Martin Luther. He wrote it after he visited with common people and saw a severe lack of instruction by both the head of the households and pastors on how to lead a good Christian life (Deuteronomy 6:5-9). He was so upset he noted; â€Å"the wretchedness I beheld† and said â€Å"many pastors were quite incompetent and unfitted for teaching† (Preface to Small Catechism) (LC: Live Session). The Small Catechism is a handbook to Christian Doctrine and Christian LivingRead MoreWhat If I Was Wrong?977 Words   |  4 PagesI was wrong?† A prestigious debate was taking place at a small university between two professors. Both claim to be Christian. Licona, fully believes in the bible, and the other, Martin, questions it to be true. I’m not sure why Dr. Martin even believes in God. He denies the Resurrection, the reliability of the gospels, and is severely skeptical of everything he reads. Yet he adheres to his childhood faith even though he does not believe it for factual reasons. He is a fideism actually living theRead MoreEssay Martin Luther King Jr. and Religion1673 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. and Religion Throughout history our society has chose to recognize and remember certain individuals that have had a dramatic influence on our lives. Some of these individuals were of an evil nature, such as Hitler, but I would like to believe that the majority of the people we remember were the ones that had a positive influence on history, such as Jesus Christ and Martin Luther King Jr. I would like to reflect on the men who served a higher power that they called abbaRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. From the Apostle Paul to Martin Buber: Martin Luther Kings use of Historical and Religious Figures in his Letter From Birmingham Jail In his Letter From Birmingham Jail, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is addressing his fellow clergymen in response to their accusations of his unwise and untimely activities. Like most other reformers, he finds his greatest rationalization and defense from the word of God. Considering the religious affiliation of his audience, King appealsRead MoreBirmingham Jail Functional Theory1638 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail (1965) is important from both historical and sociological points of view. It is an example of self-sacrifice as in idea for the of equality of all people. Formally, King addresses this letter that he wrote while in Birmingham jail at the clergymen who opposed his protests. In fact, he applies it to everyone who approves of racism, and considers the methods of nonviolent struggle to be too radical and far fetched from achieving an actual goalRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.s States Segregation Not Only Hurts Blacks but also Wh ites597 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. On April 16, 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. wrote his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, in which he responded to the Southern Clergy men’s letter appealing to the end of the demonstrations to end the demonstrations against segregation. King responded with his own letter pleading with the clergy to end segregation. In his letter he used examples of pathos, ethos, and logos to express himself to the clergymen. He also used his knowledge as a minister and a leader in his community

The Wizard of Oz Free Essays

The Wizard of Oz Question: Do you think The Wizard of Oz provided Americans with the hope that their dreams could come true, or do you think that the movie might have made Americans even more upset with their own reality? Every human being faces their own demons and troubles. We try to escape them – some do it through their own battles, but most of us just want to forget, even if it is for a little while. After our moment in paradise is over, we can face our burdens with a new strength provided by escapism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wizard of Oz or any similar topic only for you Order Now Movies, books, music, poetry and art were just a few ways for artists to express themselves and for the audience to get lost in. This audience mostly consisted of middle-class average Americans, who worked hard and long. Escapism was very popular during the time of the Great Depression in the US. During the day people would work hard for their money, fight for their survival and try to keep their heads up through all of the difficulties, but during the evening they would scatter around town just to find someplace to relax. Most Americans would go around town and search for folks with similar interests. People would always love to go to bars and have a few drinks, exchange stories and laugh. The motion pictures, though, have always been a silent awe – sitting there and enjoying the entertainment unfold before your eyes was pretty magical, even for our day and time in the 21st century. The Wizard of Oz was a hit movie that came out in 1939. The light colorful drawings and the flamboyant set kept the viewers satisfied and yearning for more. Since it was one of the first movies with color, it was quite the success. The special effects in the delightful motion picture kept the audience growing bigger and bigger. Special effects were used in the movie quite often, which seem pretty silly to our 21st century technologically advanced brains, but in fact seemed very impressive at the time. Because of all these technical improvements from the previous movies and taking a few steps forward in development, the film was also one of the most expensive made at the time. Produced by Lions Gate Entertainment, the movie cost an awful lot for the Great Depression era – about 2 million dollars. The motion picture paid off its large bill in time, even if it wasn’t as big of a hit at first. Because of its light theme and enjoyable melodies, the musical soon gained its place in the media. To us now, the movie seems a bit too dramatically done and very silly, but at that time it was really wonderful. The lightly careless way it just swept up your thoughts and mind was amazing, it kept the audience’s attention for the whole show. Forgetting your daily life was now much easier, especially because of the catchy tunes in songs. Lyrics were very simple and fitting, the actors dramatic enough to keep it entertaining but not worrisome. The obnoxious way Dorothy was portrayed may seem very annoying to us now, but during the Great Depression era it was very amusing and quite fitting. Due to the actors being very talented and skillful, the film was enjoyable. Even if The Wizard of Oz has absolutely nothing to do with the Great Depression, it has an implied meaning suitable for all times. All of the characters went on searching for something more, but in the end realized that what they were looking for was with them all along. A great disappointment at the end of the film might seem the Great Wizard. He happens to be a fellow man from Kansas, just like Dorothy. That symbolizes how simple and modest even the best of things can be. By processing this information of hidden meanings, the audience slowly learned from the movies they watched. They began to realize certain values in life, began to see things differently. â€Å"That’s a horse of a different color† says the guard of Emerald City once Dorothy arrives, and now that quote is very fitting. Even if the audience didn’t look deep enough into the characters to find the hidden meanings and ideas, it was still a very entertaining film. Its simplicity and the humorous story truly did help the average American with escapism. The movie has a charismatic effect on its viewers, making it very hard not to sing along or at least laugh at the characters. It swept you away from the first minutes of song and special effects. Musicals always have the effect of moving the audience’s emotions. Due to the color change once Dorothy arrives to Munchkin Land, the movie is quite breathtaking for those times. The Great Depression was most definitely affected by movies like this; they made people’s lives easier and more bearable. Now the demons and troubles Americans faced came easier, since entertainment served as a distraction. How to cite The Wizard of Oz, Papers

E-learning System Nursing

Question: Compose a theoretically sound and conceptually rich essay demonstrating your knowledge of fundamental subject areas in your academic discipline and specialization. Answer: Introduction In the following assignment report some important learning factors are taken to for analysis. Various prospects are discussed with deep analysis from traditional theories. At the very beginning part E-learning is discussed with its process. Purpose of E-Learning and culture of e-learning is highlighted in the following report for profound analysis. The next subject matter is about concept and significance of e leadership is discussed in the report to understand meaning of the subject. Some important key factors and steps required to implement in E-Learning is elaborated. Three different theories are taken to for discussion about e-learning system. There are comparison between these three individual theory are done n later part. First theory is about the behaviorism of e-learning system. Second one is about cognitive theory of e-learning system (Clark and Mayer 2011). In this theory the significance of e-learning rather the knowledge volume is discussed. Two case studies is done in th e assignment to justify the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning system. Case study one is given a positive feedback, but in case study II there is negativity of learners feedback happened there. The last part is about the constructivism theory of e-learning is with depth analysis. There are some expertise opinion is given to make the assignment authentic. Relationships between the theories are given in the later part. After all discussion the controversy about the theory is given at the last of the assignment (Garrison 2011). E-Learning Culture E-Learning is a method of delivering education to students through a network of various electronic media devices simultaneously (Simonson, Smaldino, Albright, Zvacek, 2012). Though e-learning is not a new method of instruction, it is an increasing demand by learners, and is a large discussion in academic settings (Cox, 2013; Wan, Compeau, Haggerty, 2012). Needs of e-learning students are similar to the needs of traditional face-to-face learners, and continuous assessments of their learning progress is crucial. The process of change from face-to-face to e-learning courses may be challenging, may require more time for both learner and educator, and may demand additional organization processes to ensure learner has basic understanding of e-learning platforms (Alzaghoul, 2012). Purpose Now days people are very busy with their profession, so cannot manage time to go any university or grade school to completed further professional degree. The purpose of e-learning is to allow people to complete a degree without attending physically in learning institute. E-learning provides any types of learning that can happen a computer only. Primarily e-learning facilitate through internet but DVDs and CD ROMs are used for video or audio learning system is also under e-learning system (Moore et al., 2011). Concept and Significance E-learning is not a particular subject but it is theory based on social educational system. The concept E-learning directly relates with education which means a concern medium is deployed to teach others. The matter is not about to teach only but transforming the future of a particular way of learning. The way of education in E-learning through some specified subject. The matter is not to learn only the techniques for subjects to make good score and pass the respective examinations, but educate about the subject concept. Every learning subject is somehow related to social human life. The significance of subject is to apply the learning outcomes from the books to reality (Rennie and Morrison, 2013). The educational websites make understand the students but not guide them to memories about the subject matter. Educational management has to reinforce by enhancing teaching material and concepts of functionalities for public education. It is required to achieve quality universal education. This is what called a significant example of education system and aspects for every educational leader to follow. Influences student learning All the learning websites efforts aim to improve teaching and learning. This depends only on the educational sites. But there are huge differences in the process how they go about it. Some website rather the educational leaders try to improve the learning materials, at the same time other taking attempts to influence the overall approach to teaching systems (Horton 2011). Here is the basic difference between formations of teaching system. Some other educational sites are trying to focus on innovative curriculum activity. They believe it is another way to choose profession not only by studying the traditional scriptures. Education must be learning for live life, not carry it as certificates. This is most important influence should understand by learner. Behaviorism theory Behaviorism theory involves examining human behavior through scientific research as a stimulus is exposed. The stimulus may be external, and there are three categories associated with these external responses, which may be directed towards cause-and-effect relationships. The three categories include classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory (Alzaghoul, 2012; McLeod, 2016; Washington, 2016). Classical conditioning is associated with trial-and-error and association in terms of education, and timing greatly impacts the results of the learners response. If e-learning is introduced to a learner, who has little to no experience with online education, the learner may not adapt well to the learning environment and not perform to expectations. The learners association to e-learning is negative and may reject any forms of online courses. Therefore, proper exposure and online pre-assessments should be examined to view if a learner is ready for e-learning based education (Korucu and 2011). Operant conditioning is where learning occurs by the process of consequences or rewards. The environment should shape the learner to assist desired outcomes to be reached. For e-learning, this process may include small or short self-study modules with a positive response or feedback generated after completion. Many online programs offer these, such as Canvas. Canvas allows the learner to complete short modules on difficult content. Once the small module is completed with a satisfactory grade, the instructor may preset positive statements for the learner to encourage them as they progress. After all modules are completed with a satisfactory grade, the end result is a grade (Mustafa and Sharif 2011). Social learning is based more on modeling behavior. In the sense of education, a learner observes another student performing well, therefore attempts to mock or model the other learner to achieve the same outcome. Within social learning, there are four mediational processes examined. The idea is to identify if the learner is observing a behavior and imitating, or if learning is actually occurring. To assess if learning is established, the instructor will apply the appropriate level of education to the course, present exams or methods of assessment, and evaluate if the learner can process the information in their own way by providing thought provoking discussions to the content (Library and Information Science). Positive Impact in the Field The basis behind e-learning was speculated on the thought of which learning is a change in observable behavior caused by the external stimuli in the environment (Alzaghoul, 2012). Behaviorist directs their theory on the observed behavior and identifies whether learning has occurred. To evaluate if the learning process is progressing towards standards, the learners will be informed of the explicit outcomes, have specific expectations, and gauge if their learning is advancing. To evaluate advancement, learners will be presented with the outcomes in each of the online lesson sessions. Learners will be examined per outcome, which then the instructor may assess and identify if the objectives are met to a satisfactory level (Cheung and Vogel 2013). Cognitive Theory Cognitive nature of e-learning shows the ability to impulsively restructure someones knowledge in many ways adapting reply to fundamentally changing situational demands to facilitate transfer of skills and knowledge to novel learning situations. According to author Spiro, learning activities must provide various representations with different subjects (Huang. and Huang 2012). An e-learner when comes to learn about the subject of his profession the wants various prospects related to subject. Basically E-learning is depends on internet and search engine. Any learner can search any subject through internet. Every information are there in the learning site which can guide a learner properly. The assumptions of cognitive theory for limited working memory used to process accurate information and big and long term memory used to keep knowledge which is subsequently used. The instructions are given to store different information in long term memory. After understanding the total concept and procedures of the information consists of everything that is learned. Long term memory can be change into positivity by learning. It can be assumed that nothing is learned if there is no change in long term memory (Verbert, et al., 2013). The cognitive theory is used for generating wide range of instructional process. The procedures are designed to reduce superfluous memory load in order to facilitate the storing capacity of knowledge in long term memory. One of the procedures is based on the fleeting information effect. This kind of effect is nearly associated with use of instructional technology for presentation of information. Constructivism Theory According to expertise like Bruner (1990) and Vygotsky (1978) e-learning theories were advanced. Constructivism learning theory is elaborated as lively construction of new knowledge for learners primary experience. Learners can actively construct their own knowledge by mediating input knowledge from outer world to determine the learning subject. Learning is not about passive reception of teaching but it is about active effort and mental work (Arsyad 2011). The e-learning settings in constructivism to follow some goals these are as follows: In knowledge construction process self awareness is focused strongly. Multiple mode of presentation is encouraged in e-learning Appreciation and experience are provided for multiple perspectives. Knowledge from the experience is provided for construction process. Honebein (1996) and Murphy (1997) had elaborated a synopsis for constructivism characteristics theory based on comprehensive literature. Those characteristics are as follows: Learning environment, skills, situations and tasks are realistic, relevant and authentic which represent the real world complexity. Multiple concepts of representation and learning perspective are encouraged and presented. Learner derived the objective and goals with the system (Bhuasiri et al., 2012). Relationship between the theories The subject is about e-learning and practices. There are three different learning theory are discussed above. Three theories are but subject is one. Therefore the main discussion stream is same. Fist theory is about behaviorism theory of e-learning. This theory is about the nature of e-learning. An introduction of e-learning can be gathered by studying the behaviorism theory. The second one is about cognitive theory as the main remain same i.e. e-learning. The significance can be assumed through the cognitive nature of e-learning. The cognitive nature can introduce the behaviorism of e-learning, it because the reflection of learning system reflects from both the theories (Lee, et al., 2011). Cognitive means the knowledge and from knowledge behavior comes out. So another point comes out from analysis the above two theories. The last theory is taken i.e. constructivism theory of e-learning. In this theory the construction process is elaborated. In this theory process of learning is dis cussed. The relation between behaviorism and Constructivism is clear. Constructivism shows the style of learning and behaviorism is the reflection of style of e-learning. The last relationship is between Constructivism and Cognitive. Cognitive means the knowledge volume and constructivism means built in process. The relation is construction process of cognitive for e-learning system. It is the proof of relation between cognitive and constructivism (Doelitzscher et al., 2011). Case Study: 1 From the review of e-learner feed back some advantages have gathered based on internet. An internet e-learner said that e-learning system helps him to save time by not going to the college but he was able to gather the management study knowledge form internet search engine. He also described about the variety of management study material option. Different pdf file h pled him to make management projects (Masud and Huang 2012). In very short time he was able to find any subject related to management and made the project. Case Study: II An audio based e-learner given her feed back with negativity. She was accessing audio equipment of CDs or DVDs. She was just listening and discussing about the subject matter only. She can gather no visible information to understand the subject matter. As she was trying to learn some economics based subjects, therefore she needs some graphical presentations but audio learning system cannot able to provide any graphical presentation through the sound equipment. This case study is taken as negative feedback of e-learning (Romero and Barber 2011). Controversy or Disadvantages related to the Theory. There are some learning gap in e-learning process can observe from the above study. E-learning process is based on internet or CDs or DVD based. According to Sloman and Van Buren (2003) 62 percent of all learning technology fails to meet the learners expectations. Thorough knowledge and depth analysis cannot do form e-learning system. Traditional learning system can provide authentic learning material but e-learning system is reflection about the idea of a mentor. There is a knowledge gap remains in e-learning system. The learning process of traditional learning system is more effective and understandable for any learner as he/she will have education practically and learned well (Sangr,et., al., 2012). The thorough study can do only by in traditional learning system. In e learning system motivation is not strong so the learner does not give effort to complete or planning the study. It is inferred from the experience of the review of learner i.e. e-learning is combination of visual, a uditory and kinesthetic equipments to learn. A learner cannot devote time to computer when he is using audio equipment for learning. Therefore, learning experts needs to analyze the learners needs and time commitments and design a course that offers various options of learning. Conclusion In the above assignment the matter highlighted about e-learning system (Umak, et al., 2011). Three strong theories are taken to analyze the total e-learning system. The structural concept of e-learning system is there in the constructivism theory. The pattern of learning system is heighted by the theory. The next is about the cognitive theory of e-learning which is about the knowledge volume of the respective learning system. The depth and versatility of this learning system reflects through that theory. Another theory of behaviorism theory is taken to introduce the learning process. The relationships between the theories are discussed to analyze the overall procedure of the learning system (Lin 2011). Some authors opinion is taken to prove discussed subject matter which made the assignment more authentic. After discussing the positivity of e-learning some disadvantages are still there to discuss. This is also done the last part of the assignment. Advantages and Disadvantages are hig hlighted by two case studies in the assignment. It is based on two different e-learners feedback. The controversy is between traditional learning and e-learning process. After the controversy it is assumed that traditional learning can give more depth about subject than e-learning. But advantages of e-learning are less time consuming than traditional learning. But in present days e-learning is more popular to the learner due to time saving factor because every learner is very busy in present days (Kumar 2011). References Clark, R.C. and Mayer, R.E., 2011.E-learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning. John Wiley Sons. Garrison, D.R., 2011.E-learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice. Taylor Francis. Moore, J.L., Dickson-Deane, C. and Galyen, K., 2011. e-Learning, online learning, and distance learning environments: Are they the same?.The Internet and Higher Education,14(2), pp.129-135. Rennie, F. and Morrison, T., 2013.E-learning and social networking handbook: Resources for higher education. Routledge. Horton, W., 2011.E-learning by design. John Wiley Sons. Huang, E.Y., Lin, S.W. and Huang, T.K., 2012. What type of learning style leads to online participation in the mixed-mode e-learning environment? A study of software usage instruction.Computers Education,58(1), pp.338-349. Verbert, K., Duval, E., Klerkx, J., Govaerts, S. and Santos, J.L., 2013. Learning analytics dashboard applications.American Behavioral Scientist, p.0002764213479363. Arsyad, A., 2011. Media pembelajaran. Bhuasiri, W., Xaymoungkhoun, O., Zo, H., Rho, J.J. and Ciganek, A.P., 2012. Critical success factors for e-learning in developing countries: A comparative analysis between ICT experts and faculty.Computers Education,58(2), pp.843-855. Lee, Y.H., Hsieh, Y.C. and Hsu, C.N., 2011. Adding Innovation Diffusion Theory to the Technology Acceptance Model: Supporting Employees' Intentions to use E-Learning Systems.Educational Technology Society,14(4), pp.124-137. Doelitzscher, F., Sulistio, A., Reich, C., Kuijs, H. and Wolf, D., 2011. Private cloud for collaboration and e-Learning services: from IaaS to SaaS.Computing,91(1), pp.23-42. Masud, M.A.H. and Huang, X., 2012. An e-learning system architecture based on cloud computing.system,10(11). Romero, M. and Barber, E., 2011. Quality of e-learners time and learning performance beyond quantitative time-on-task.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,12(5), pp.125-137. Sangr, A., Vlachopoulos, D. and Cabrera, N., 2012. Building an inclusive definition of e-learning: An approach to the conceptual framework.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,13(2), pp.145-159. Umak, B., HeriÄ Ko, M. and PuNik, M., 2011. A meta-analysis of e-learning technology acceptance: The role of user types and e-learning technology types.Computers in Human Behavior,27(6), pp.2067-2077. Lin, K.M., 2011. e-Learning continuance intention: Moderating effects of user e-learning experience.Computers Education,56(2), pp.515-526. Kumar, S., Gankotiya, A.K. and Dutta, K., 2011, April. A comparative study of moodle with other e-learning systems. InElectronics Computer Technology (ICECT), 2011 3rd International Conference on(Vol. 5, pp. 414-418). IEEE. Korucu, A.T. and Alkan, A., 2011. Differences between m-learning (mobile learning) and e-learning, basic terminology and usage of m-learning in education.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,15, pp.1925-1930. Mustafa, Y.E.A. and Sharif, S.M., 2011. An approach to adaptive e-learning hypermedia system based on learning styles (AEHS-LS): Implementation and evaluation.International Journal of Library and Information Science,3(1), pp.15-28. Cheung, R. and Vogel, D., 2013. Predicting user acceptance of collaborative technologies: An extension of the technology acceptance model for e-learning.Computers Education,63, pp.160-175.

The Possibility of Evil Essay Example For Students

The Possibility of Evil Essay Must contradictory personalities get the best of us? The Possibility of Evil, a short story by Shirley Jackson focused on the odd behavior of Miss Strangeworth. Though Miss Strangeworth does not changed throughout the story, people just does not know how awful she is. As a lonely woman, Miss Strangeworth has written small notes filled with cruelty toward her towns folks throughout the story. Miss Strangeworth enjoyed writing awful letters to her neighbors, showing her jealous personality towards her neighbors. After thinking for a minute, although she had been phrasing the letter in the back of her mind all the way home, she wrote on a pink sheet: DIDNT YOU EVER SEE AN IDIOT CHILD BEFORE? SOME PEOPLE JUST SHOULD NOT HAVE CHILDREN SHOULD THEY? She was pleased with the letter. We will write a custom essay on The Possibility of Evil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I suppose Miss Strangeworth wrote this letter because deep down, she does not have a family and by letting this person feel terrible, it supposedly makes herself feel better. Maybe if Miss Strangeworth was a little more outgoing she might find the things she want in life. She selected a green sheet this time and wrote quickly: HAVE YOU FOUND OUT YET WHAT THEY WERE ALL LAUGHING ABOUT AFTER YOU LEFT THE BRIDGE CLUB ON THURSDAY? OR IS THE WIFE REALLY ALWAYS THE LAST ONE TO KNOW? Again, Miss Strangeworth wrote another nasty letter to one of her neighbors. I think that she wrote another letter since she is lonely and while this neighbor has a husband, she does not Miss Strangeworth yet again wants this person to feel unfortunate. This uncharacteristic behavior seems capable to hurting people and it may hurt Miss Strangeworth. Writing bitterness letters to her neighbors were just one part to her entertainment, she also has an amusement of thinking of the people who are reading her letters. She had been writing her letterssometimes two to three every day for a week, sometimes no more than one in a monthfor the past year. Miss Strangeworths behavior of writing these letters never stopped, as you can tell she was practically obsessed writing these negative letters. I think Miss Strangeworth has so many things that she desires, and the fact that she cannot acquire these desires makes her gloomy and discourteous. Miss Strangeworth awakened the next morning with a feeling of intense happiness and, for a minute wondered why, and then remembered that this morning three people would open her letters. Her enjoyment toward this insolence is upsetting to me because I think it is just strange and cruel. Miss Strangeworth has gotten used to writing these letters that instead of having a guilty conscience about this spiteful activity, this hobby is giving her pleasure. As an elderly, lonely woman, Miss Strangeworths letters are a sign of revenge since the towns people are making her envious because of her lack of her desires. Last, I must say that even while Miss Strangeworths mischief was obnoxious, her personality still remained the same. My judgment is that Miss Strangeworth jealousy and criticism is due to her loneliness. This odd, dire character from, The Possibility of Evil is jealous because she does not have want she wants. If Miss Strangeworth will never stop doing her mischief, Miss Strangeworths sign of desire will be continuing to hurt her.

Discuss the Significance of Ebenezer Howard as a Pioneer essays

Discuss the Significance of Ebenezer Howard as a Pioneer essays Discuss the Significance of Ebenezer Howard as a Pioneer of British Town and Country Planning. To start answering the question of the significance of Howard as a pioneer of town and country planning, the first, and most obvious question that has to be asked is whether he himself had the idea first. And on first inspection this does not seem to be the case. Theodor Fritsch, a German man that lived from 18521933 claimed authorship of the idea in 1896 in his book Die Stadt der Zukunft. (Schuber, D. 2004 pp3) Fritschs book was published in 1896, Howards idea of the Garden city was first published in 1898 in his book To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. (Schuber, D. 2004 pp3). This clearly shows that Howards book was infact predated by Fritschs book by two years. And most importantly, at that time, Howard could have gained access to the book, modified the ideas slightly, and simply taken them for his own. The thoughts behind the two ideas could not have been more different however. Howard had planned his garden cities as a kind of emancipation of the working class, through state run public services, funded by the rents of the people living there, instead of the rents simply going to the landlords. For Ebenezer Howard the problem of inner city squalor and overcrowding was not caused by the inability of the people to help them selves but the urbanizing process itself (Andrew, C. et al 1979 pp27) In theory the money would be spent on public services, the lives of the average workers that lived in the garden city would dramatically improve upon the slums of inner city life, while the workers left in the inner city would benefit from the decreased living costs brought on by a market place suddenly finding itself lacking in tenants, as the rules of supply and demand go. However, in practice, probably because the rule of not being able to hold the lease of a plot of land ...

How to Speak Shakespearean Verse

How to Speak Shakespearean Verse We start with a practical approach to an old question: how do you speak Shakespearian verse? Bring Shakespeare to life in the classroom and drama studio with the understanding that Shakespeare wrote his plays in verse. This poetic framework not only gives characters a structured speech pattern but enhanced authority. What Is Verse? Unlike modern plays, Shakespeare and his contemporaries wrote plays in verse. This is a poetic framework that gives characters a structured speech pattern and enhances their authority. Typically, Shakespeare’s verse is written in lines of ten syllables, with an ‘unstress-stress’ pattern. The stress is naturally on the even-numbered syllables. For example, take a look at the first line of Twelfth Night: If mu- / -sic be / the food / of love, / play onba- BUM / ba- BUM / ba- BUM / ba- BUM / ba- BUM However, verse isn’t spoken continuously in Shakespeare’s plays. Generally, characters of higher status speak verse (whether they are magical or aristocratic), especially if they are thinking aloud or expressing their passions. So it would follow that characters of low status don’t speak in verse – they speak in prose. The easiest way to tell whether a speech is written in verse or prose is to look at how the text is presented on the page. Verse doesn’t go to the edge of the page, whereas prose does. This is because of the ten syllables to a line structure. Workshop: Verse Speaking Exercises Choose a lengthy speech by any character in a Shakespeare play and read it aloud whilst walking around. Physically change direction every time you reach a comma, colon or full stop. This will force you to see that each clause in a sentence suggests a new thought or idea for your character.Repeat this exercise, but instead of changing direction, say the words â€Å"comma† and â€Å"full stop† out loud when you get to the punctuation. This exercise helps heighten your awareness of where there is punctuation in your speech and what its purpose is.Using the same text, take a pen and underline what you think are the natural stress words. If you spot an often repeated word, underline that as well. Then practice speaking the text with an emphasis on these key stress words.Using the same speech, speak it aloud forcing yourself to make a physical gesture on every single word. This gesture can be clearly connected to the word (for example a finger point on â€Å"him†) or c an be more abstract. This exercise helps you to value every word in the text, but again it will make you prioritize the correct stresses because you will naturally gesture more when saying keywords. Finally and above all, keep speaking the words aloud and enjoying the physical act of speech. This enjoyment is the key to all good verse speaking. Performance Tips Always use the punctuation in order to discover the natural places to pause or breathe when speaking verse. A common mistake is to always pause for breath at the end of a line. As Shakespeare often writes sentences that go across lines, this tendency to breath at the end of the line will distort the meaning and create an unnatural intonation.Be aware of the natural stress rhythms in the verse but don’t allow them to dominate your delivery of the line. Instead look at the line in its entirety and decide where your stress should go.Listen to the beautiful imagery and poetic elements of the verse and close your eyes when saying the words. Allow the imagery to form pictures in your mind. This will help you find meaning and substance in your lines. If you connect imaginatively with the language, you will naturally speak the words more effectively.Listen carefully to the colliding rhythms and sounds in Shakespeare’s verse. Often repeated words, harmonic sounds, and clashing s ounds help you to understand Shakespeare’s intentions and the motivations of your character. Obviously, use a dictionary if the context doesn’t present you with the meaning of a word you say. Not knowing the meaning of one of your words can be a problem. If you don’t know what it means, the chances are the audience won’t either!

Essay 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Essay 2 - Assignment Example Currently, I still do recall the numerous stories told to me every night by my parents, as I grew up. For instance, I remember when my father, while sitting on his large recliner chair used to read a number of books to me. One book I can remember is ‘The Lord of Rings’ that I enjoyed and was ever ready to hear more and more every time he read to me. My earliest remembrance of learning how to read is that I only liked to hear stories read to me by other people such as my parents or teachers but I did not like the idea of reading loudly on my own. Every time my mother told me to read to her, I used to cry feeling that it was not fair to for me to read. However, later on I changed my attitude on realising that it was important for me to know how to read to be able to read for myself. The first storybooks that I read when at school were those of Roger Red Hat, as the themes and storyline was properly presented and developed. After developing deep desire of reading, my favourite book was the ‘Fantastic Mr. Fox’ written by Ronald Dahl because of the manner it provides good description of the food, golden cider and the luscious chicken. Until now, I like flicking though the story just because it is that which kept me very entertained during my early times. The most important benefit of mastering literacy in the early elementary grades, as pointed by Torgesen et al. (2007) is that it will enable student to gain knowledge and skills to read grade level manuscript confidently and with significant comprehension. Comprehension is a very complicated skill requiring skills in reading the text precisely and confidently. It requires enough backdrop knowledge as well as vocabulary to be able to understand the content well. It also requires the ability of thinking and reasoning about the concepts and the overall information to make the appropriate judgments. Moreover, motivation for understanding as well as learning from the information contained in

Film (movie) analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Film (movie) analysis paper - Essay Example As a designer, am responsible for the visual concept of a movie, a theater production or a television program. I realize a design style for sets, graphic, location, lighting, camera angle, costumes and carefully work with the film producer and director. One of the concepts used my designer is appointing and managing an art department, which includes construction and design team. A strong partnership is formed with a particular director with whom I work closely with. Designers tend to specialize in theater, television or film although there may be some overlap. In a case of a theater, production designers are also referred to us set designers or stage. As a production designer, my main work is to market my skills and experience, briefing and making contacts with agents. Some of the activities that am involved with include: reading scripts to identify a theme indicating a particular visual style. Analyzing a production brief that might be a written one or oral. Monitoring and planning design budget. Coming up with design ideas, make-ups, and costume design. During my childhood, I used to love new ideas and new things; a factor that is helping me in design production. Production design in shall we dance film is of a high quality. The choices of costumes use are in agreement with the theme of the movie. A good example is the dancing costume worn by the dancers in the movie. Graphic design is problem-solving through the use of image, space and visual communication. Being a graphic designer, one works under the directors supervision. One of the major responsibilities of a graphic designer is to ensure quality production of art, production of art assets and page layout in accordance with design documentation. Another work of a graphic designer is to understand the brand or a product and come up with art brief. Graphic design under a tight schedule and are supposed to deliver on the set deadlines. During my childhood, I was greatly

The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident Essay Example for Free

The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident Essay Abstract The Fukushima nuclear accident triggered a large-scale nuclear leak, which has had an immeasurable impact on the global ecological environment. This article addresses, in depth, features of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident: during the incident, the impact of the incident, and aspects of the aftermath. Through an analysis of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident, certain referential and significant aspects of the nuclear industry are clear. Introduction: In a strong earthquake, which occurred on the afternoon of March 11, 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan was severely damaged; this led to a leakage of radioactive substances, causing considerable concern around the world. In recent years the promotion of a low-carbon economy has resulted in nuclear power plants being seen as one of the best producers of low-carbon energy; the accident has raised Governments’ concern. A study of the impact of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident on the surrounding environment, as well as how great significance in promoting the development of a global nuclear future. [1] 1. The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant: the whole story. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant used the early BWR (Boiling Water Reactor), the standard was low, and had technical defects; poor security was the cause of the accident. The main reason for the accident was the design of the nuclear power plant which did not take into account the double impact of a powerful earthquake and consequential tsunami. In fact, the earthquake did not completely destroy the nuclear power plant; it was the tsunami that followed that destroyed the emergency diesel generators, and caused the whole plant to lose all its internal and external AC power supply. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor used water as a coolant and moderator, but the water was boiling in the reactor and changed into steam in the turbine generator. The tsunami led to the loss of the emergency power supply, and the failure of the necessary cooling of the reactor after shutdown. This led to an elevated temperature and a pressure increase; for safety it had to release the steam to release the pressure. The loss of coolant, which it could not efficiently replace, resulted in part or all of the fuel being exposed. BWR steam with radioactive substances were discharged directly through the pressure vessel dry well and then released into the atmosphere. Due to the loss of power, reactor waste heat could not find an appropriate way to escape and the temperature of the core fuel rose causing the shell zirconium to react with steam to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen was released into the plant, and continued to accumulate, finally leading to the explosion in the plant. After the accident, the core melted and was destroyed; this then led to a further expansion of nuclear contamination. [1] 2. The Fukushima Nuclear Effect on Humans Physicist Kirby Kemper, from Florida State University, said that if there was a complete nuclear reactor core melt-down, some of the most radioactive substances, such as uranium and other heavy metals, would drop to the bottom of the pressure vessel, these substance would not be emitted into the atmosphere, and could, by nuclear radiation clean-up personnel, be special process cleaned. However, some of the radioactive chemical substances would be released, fourth grain of sand size particle morphology, these substances include iodine-131, strontium-90, and cesium-137. These are a great threat to the human body, because these radioactive substances can imitate the elements required by the human body’s natural tissue components, such as radioactive iodine-131, and easily enter into the body’s tissues and organs. Radioactive iodine under certain conditions can be rapidly dispersed in the air and water. However, iodine-131‘s half-life is only eight days, which means that in a few months it will completely decay. Radioactive iodine can be dispersed through the air to the human body; it can be deposited on grass which is then eaten by cows. The cows then produce contaminated dairy products and through this transmit it into the human food chain. It may also be deposited on the leaves of vegetables or in seafood and fresh water also for human dietary consumption. [1,2] The half life of strontium-90 is 29.1 years, and due to its chemical properties being similar to calcium, is often found in human bones and teeth. In the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, there was a large amount of strontium- 90 released into the air, and deposited in the former Soviet Union, Scandinavia and other regions. Strontium-90 goes into the human body through food and drinking water, much of its intake is often associated with bone disease, bone and soft tissue tumors and leukemia. [2,3,4] The half–life of Cesium-137 is 30 years, another high risk substance which is released from a nuclear reactor core and often in the body through food and water intake, or by entering the body through the respiratory organs. A body, which is exposed to Cesium-137, will have an increased risk of cancer. [2,3,4] 3. The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant and Ecological Problems The Fukushima nuclear power plant accident caused huge ecological environmental hazards; in general it caused pollution. (1) Air Pollution Air causes the spread of nuclear radiation. However, the concentration of radioactive material released into the atmosphere will gradually be diluted with increased distance. It is not biologically transmitted, it is physically spread. Radioactive nuclear substances are spread through atmospheric circulation and dispersion, with attenuation according to the laws of nature. [5] Following the explosion of Unit 1 of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, at around 11.00am on March 14, there was a second hydrogen explosion; this time it occurred in Unit 3. This was followed, at about 6:00am on the 15th, by an explosion in Unit 2, where the reactor vessel was damaged more seriously in two days than compare to the consequences of the explosion of Unit 1. According to monitoring, under the influence of atmospheric movement, the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant released radioactive substances on the 15th more than 20 times the normal standard. This indicates that the explosion caused pollution of the atmosphere and affected the ecological environment of neighboring countries; with atmospheric circulation, these radioactive elements were carried outside of Japan. [5,6] (2) Water Pollution The ground water near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant’s Units 1 and 2 nuclear reactors saw the concentration of radioactive iodine and radioactive cesium surge a number of times, which no doubt contributed to the groundwater pollution. Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant radioactive material continues to flow into the ocean where marine life will be threatened. According to The New York Times, reported that researchers who extracted water samples near the nuclear power plants detected cesium-137 and iodine-131 radioisotope concentration, suggesting that the nuclear leakage accident had caused marine pollution. [7] (3) Soil Pollution Japan’s Kyodo News quoted a Japan Atomic Power Environmental Preparedness Agency expert reporting that in a 600 square km northwest region soil near the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, the radioactive cesium activity was 1.48 million per square meter Becquerel, reaching the Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion mandatory evacuation standards. This is data obtained by the Japanese Government Commission on Nuclear Energy Research. At the nuclear power plant in the northwest region most severely affected after the Fukushima Unit 1 nuclear power plant accident, the Japanese government evacuated about 80,000 people from the vicinity. Earlier, the Japanese Prime Minister, Naoto Kan, said that the date the people will be able to return their homes will not be earlier than the beginning of the next year. [8,9] (4) Food Chain Contamination University of Florida chemical oceanographer and environmental radioactivity expert, Bill Burnett, said that although iodine’s half-life is only eight days in the short term, there is no doubt that the radiation will be a threat and have an impact on the survival of marine life. But the greater potential impact of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant leakage is from that of cesium, because the decay time of cesium up to 30 years. If marine animals’ intake irradiated plants and small prey, then the marine food chain will be contaminated. Particularly noteworthy, is the fact that algae and other plants quickly absorb iodine. Previous studies have shown that toxic metal and radiation interactions suppress the immune system of vertebrates, causing them to be more susceptible to disease. Consequently, the extent of potential damage to the environment and human health is great. [10] In addition, nuclear power plants and other power plants discharge waste heat. The laws of thermodynamics indicate that the conversion efficiency of thermal energy cannot be 100%. Whether the use coal or solar system, the result will be the same. Modern coal or oil power plant efficiency is up to 40%, the efficiency of nuclear power plants is currently only 33%. Coal power stations release 15% of waste heat through the chimney, and 45% of the water heat from the cooling water discharge. However, 67% of nuclear power plant waste heat is from the cooling water discharged into rivers or sea water. The rising water temperatures caused by this has a significant impact on aquatic life. If the water temperature is too high, it will cause the death of fish, and accelerate the growth of algae, causing the water to lack oxygen. [10] 4. Conclusion Nuclear power is a clean energy source, under normal operation the power plant emissions of radioactive radiation is not large, in fact the radioactive substances emitted by coal-fired power stations is said to be much higher than nuclear power stations. Ultimately, there is no energy that can be said to be absolutely safe and clean. In accepting an energy choice, it is necessary, firstly, to rationally face security risks. Secondly, reactor technology and security is under a process of development. The problems faced by nuclear power plants, through the Fukushima incident, are a very important reference point for nuclear power to improve its security program. For example, nuclear power plants should not be placed in an earthquake zone, particularly not on a fracture layer. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant design, while taking the impact of earthquakes into account, ignored the impact of a consequential tsunami. The nuclear power plant disaster illustrates the need to take multiple natural disasters into account. Furthermore, nuclear power plant design needs to attach importance to the development of emergency plans rationality and feasibility in the event of an accident. With a belief in continuing scientific and technological progress, the security of nuclear power plants of the future should continue to improve. [11,12] References [1] Fukushima: What happened – and what needs to be done. BBC. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011. [2]Takenaka, Kiyoshi (12 March 2011). Japans TEPCO preparing to release radiation from second reactor. Reuters. Retrieved 12 March 2011. [3]Radiation levels spike at Japanese nuclear plant. CNN. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011 [4]Frank N. von Hippel (September/October 2011 vol. 67 no. 5). The radiological and psychological consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. pp. 27–36. [5]Hydrogen explosions Fukushima nuclear plant: what happened? Unit 1 nuclear power plant Fukushima Pressure. TEPCO. Retrieved 8 April 2011. [6]3 nuclear reactors melted down after quake, Japan confirms. CNN. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011. [7]Radioactive water from Japan nuclear plant leaks in sea. BBC News. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011. [8]Timeline: Japan power plant crisis. BBC News. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011. [9]Japans unfolding disaster bigger than Chernobyl'. New Zealand Herald. 2 April 2011. [10] â€Å"Fukushima. Radioactive Cesium Contmination of Japan’s Food Chain.† 3 August, 2012. [11]Fukushima faced 14-metre tsunami. World Nuclear News. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011. [12]Justin McCurry. Japan raises nuclear alert level to seven. The Guardian. 12 April 2011

A Rewrite of the Ending (Chapter XX) of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray :: Picture Dorian Gray

A Rewrite of the Ending (Chapter XX) of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray It was a lovely night, so warm that Dorian threw his coat over his arm, and did not even put his silk scarf round his throat. A sealed envelope fell out of his coat pocket. It was from Basil’s Gladstone bag that Dorian had rummaged through before throwing into the fire. In his recent preoccupation, Dorian had forgotten all about the envelope. He now stooped to pick up the fallen envelope and broke open its seal. Out fell a small watercolour portrait. An angelic face stared back at Dorian and it was of himself. Oh Basil! Why? The portrait was painted with love, Dorian could see that. His eyes glistened in the moonlight. What had he done to his good friend? Distractedly, Dorian put the portrait and the envelope back into his coat pocket, lit a cigarette, and hurried toward home. Two young men in evening dress passed him. He heard one of them whisper to the other, â€Å"That is Dorian Gray.† He remembered how pleased he used to be when he was pointed out, or stared at, or talked about. He was tired of hearing his own name now. Suddenly, one of the young men called out to him: â€Å"Mr. Gray.† Dorian spun around. The one who had called out to him now said, â€Å"Tell us, Mr. Gray, what is your secret?† Dorian cried, â€Å"What secret?† â€Å"Your secret to eternal youth. It is witchcraft, the villagers say.† It was the first time that anyone had directly questioned his appearance and Dorian did not know what to answer. Biting his lower lip, Dorian faintly replied, â€Å"How inquiring you young men are! What good is eternal youth?† â€Å"What good?† cried the young men. â€Å"Wild adoration from charming ladies and great admiration from seekers of truth and beauty!† â€Å"Do not speak of what you know not!† â€Å"You have bewitched all the women in this town, Mr. Gray. And they have suffered for it. What is your secret?† â€Å"Are you saying that you wish for your young women to suffer?† Dorian’s eyes flashed with regret and anger. With that, he turned around and walked quickly home. Behind him, he heard the two young men yell. He thought he caught the words â€Å"Basil† and â€Å"murder.† With a shiver, Dorian stepped into his home and found his servant waiting up for him.

Who Will Light the Incense When Mother’s Gone? & On Going Home

When reading non-fiction we have to think critically about what the writer is trying to convey in their piece. We look at formalist criticism and historical criticism, to see if there is anything that belong in either of those two categories. Writers also can also use different strategies in order to convey their thesis or themes. The non-fiction works that I have chosen are â€Å"Who Will Light the Incense When Mother’s Gone? † by Andrew Lam and â€Å"On Going Home† by Joan Didion. I will discuss their theme and how Lam and Didion conveyed that theme into their work and for what purpose and to whom it was for.I will also discuss why it is considered a piece of non-fiction and how imagination plays a part in the selected stories. Who Will Light the Incense when Mothers’ Gone? By Andrew Lam Summary The theme that comes out in the short story by Andrew Lam is â€Å"tradition. † Lam conveys this theme when his mother asks who will light the incense. In Vietnam, which is Lam’s homeland, he remembers lighting incense but since fleeing to America is has become a distant dream and he no longer knows who to pray to and for what purpose.â€Å"Having fled so far from Vietnam, I no longer know to whom I should address my prayers or what promises I could possibly make to the long departed. † (p. 1115). It is a tradition that his mother has kept since moving to the America’s and it is a tradition that could be lost once she is no longer on this earth. But Lam realizes that his mother and he live in two different worlds. His mother still believes in praying to the ancestors every morning, while Lam is too busy living an American life. Strategy Purpose & Audience Lam conveys this theme by his memories of what it was like growing up with his mother in America.She kept her children’s degrees, trophies from sporting events, just as any loving proud mother would do. But above that shelf, she had her incense that she l it every morning, religiously. â€Å"†¦she climbs a chair and piously lights a few joss sticks for the ancestral altar that sits on top of the living room bookcase. † (p. 1115). The purpose of this story that I believe Lam is trying to express is the feeling he felt when he heard that no one will light the incense when his mother is gone. This is a feeling that any immigrant child can be able relate to; disappointment.His mother wishes for one of her children to follow the tradition of praying to the ancestors but she knows that it will be too much to ask. â€Å"And when, upon my mother’s insistence, I light incense, I do not feel as if I am participating in a living tradition so much as pleasing a traditional mother. † (p. 1116). Lam expresses that he feels he does not belong is lighting the incense because it is such a Vietnamese tradition and he has adopted the American ways. Non-Fiction This piece is described as non-fiction because this is a recount of a day in his life, and how he felt about that day.He first starts off by describing his mother’s birthday. â€Å"My mother turned seventy recently, and though she remains a vivacious woman†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 1115). He then goes in detail about the conversation that went on between his mother and his aunt. His mother asks who will be able to light the incense when she is gone, his aunt then reply’s that she does not know because none of her children will do it and to forget even thinking that the grandchildren will do it. (p. 1115) Imagination Imagination is required in reading this story. I say this because, as the reader you have to put yourself in the narrators place.Unless you are a child of an immigrant, you need to try to understand what he or she is going though in this story. Lam feels disappointment in himself because he could light the incense but would not feel right in doing so because he has not practiced doing so in such a long time. If you were to imagin e yourself as an immigrant child who does not follow the traditions from your homeland anymore, you would not feel comfortable in doing the traditions as well. â€Å"I wish I could assure my mother that, after she is gone, each morning I would light incense for her and all the ancestor spirits before her, but I can’t.† (p. 1116)On Going Home by Joan Didion Summary In Joan Didion’s â€Å"On Going Home† the reoccurring theme is â€Å"home. † The narrator is home for her daughter’s first birthday and the feelings of being home again are overwhelming â€Å"And yet some nameless anxiety colored the emotional charges between me and he place that I came from. † (p. 636). Didion is explaining that the term home, now has a different meaning to the younger generation. She explains how she feels about being home and what she wishes for her young daughter. She exclaims how she cannot give the life or feeling of â€Å"home† to her daughter, like she had.â€Å"†¦would like to give her home for her birthday, but we life differently now and I can promise her nothing like that. † (p. 637) Strategy Purpose & Audience Didion is trying to convey the feeling of being home again. Even though Didion is getting into her thirties, married, with a child and with a home of her own, being at the place she grew up brings unexpected feelings. â€Å"†¦and yet I was almost thirty years old before I could talk to my family on the telephone without crying after I had hung up. † (p. 636) During the time that Didion left home, the idea that you were never able to come home again weighted heavy on your mind.The purpose of this story could be to see if anyone still felt the same way about being home, like she did. Anyone who has left home, and wished to come back could relate to this story, or someone who is close to their family. Non-Fiction This story is a form of non-fiction. Didion is retelling the time she went ho me to her parents’ house for her daughters first birthday. She talks about the conversations that she and her family has about people she once knew. â€Å"†¦and we appear to talk exclusively about people we know who have been committed to mental hospitals, about people we know who have been booked on drunk-driving charges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.636)Another bit about this story being non-fiction is how her family and herself talk to one another. She says that they do not â€Å"demand† anything from her, and that they do not fight, and there is nothing particularly wrong. She also speaks about visiting her aunts. These are all events that Didion went through while visiting her family for her daughter’s birthday. Imagination In this short story, you do need to have a sense of imagination. You need to place yourself in the shoes of Joan Didion while visiting her parents’ house, about being around the objects that are now so precious to you.She brings on emoti ons that only a child who has left home, or a person who is thinking about leaving home can feel. The emotions of getting into a routine again, having conversations about people around town that you used to know, and being around family that you have not seen in a while. Having to imagine this can provoke the same nameless emotions that Didion expressed. Conclusion Both themes for each stories revolve around family. Having a tradition that means a lot to a family member or being able to come home for a visit. Everything leads up to being around family, who love and support you though everything.

Opinion of Shared Governance Essay

What is your opinion of shared governance? â€Å"In shared governance, as in nursing, the primary resources for practice are the providers themselves. Thus, to control practice, nurses must have influence over themselves as a professional group,† ( Hess, R. 2011. P.3). I believe when shared governance is actually thoroughly exercised, nurses claim the power they can have by utilizing leadership and optimal practice. I strongly believe this mindset can greatly improve job satisfaction and patient care outcomes. List short-term and long-term advantages and barriers to this type of model. Short-term: sense of empowerment, nurses can influence the processes, staff becomes accountable for their actions Long-term: improves communication and cooperation/teamwork, promotes compromise, since everyone is involved staff learns to listen to other viewpoints. Compared to other types of organizational structures, is a shared governance model better for nursing? I do believe that shared governance is a better model for structure in nursing. This model promotes democracy and teamwork while others tell you what your goals are; shared governance encourages staff to brainstorm their own goals which fosters pride and compliancy. â€Å"Shared governance is collaboration, whether in scheduling staff, educating new staff, or implementing evidence-based practice. It involves teamwork, problem-solving, and accountability, with the goals of improved staff satisfaction, productivity, and patient outcomes. It is working together to make decisions that affect nursing practice and patient care. It is working with other disciplines for the good of the patient. It is collaborating to improve nursing practice,† (Bonsall, L. 2011. p.1) How do Magnet hospitals fit into the shared governance model? Magnet hospitals and shared governance share many characteristics including excellent teamwork, low nurse burnout/turnover rates, and optimal patient outcomes. Each encourages the nurse to express opinions and listen to others’ as well. Open mindedness is coupled with high standard of practice. These two are highly motivational. Resources: Bonsall, L. (2011). What is Shared Governance? Nursing’sCenter in the Round. Retrieved from

Two Methods for Supercooling Water

Two Methods for Supercooling Water You can cool water below its stated freezing point and then crystallize it into ice on command. This is known as supercooling. Here are step-by-step instructions for supercooling water at home. Method #1 The simplest way to supercool water is to chill it in the freezer. Place an unopened bottle of distilled or purified water (e.g., with reverse osmosis) in the freezer. Mineral water or tap water will not supercool very well because they contain impurities that can lower the freezing point of the water or else serve as nucleation sites for crystallization.Allow the bottle of water to chill, undisturbed, for about 2-1/2 hours. The exact time needed to supercool the water varies depending on the temperature of your freezer. One way to tell your water is supercooled is to put a bottle of tap water (impure water) into the freezer with the bottle of pure water. When the tap water freezes, the pure water is supercooled. If the pure water also freezes, you either waited too long, somehow disturbed the container, or else the water was insufficiently pure.Carefully remove the supercooled water from the freezer.You can initiate crystallization into ice in several different ways. Two of the most entertaining ways to cause the water to freeze are to shake the bo ttle or to open the bottle and pour the water onto a piece of ice. In the latter case, the water will often freeze backward from the ice cube back into the bottle. Method #2 If you dont have a couple of hours, there is a quicker way to supercool water. Pour about 2 tablespoons of distilled or purified water into a very clean glass.Place the glass in a bowl of ice such that the level of the ice is higher than the level of water in the glass. Avoid spilling any ice into the glass of water.Sprinkle a couple of tablespoons of salt onto the ice. Do not get any of the salt in the glass of water.Allow about 15 minutes for the water to cool below freezing. Alternatively, you can insert a thermometer into the glass of water. When the temperature of the water is below freezing, the water has been supercooled.You can make the water freeze by pouring it over a piece of ice or by dropping a small piece of ice into the glass.

What Fossilized Poop Can Tell Us About Dinosaurs

What Fossilized Poop Can Tell Us About Dinosaurs Herbivorous, house-sized dinosaurs like Apatosaurus and Brachiosaurus, not to mention carnivorous behemoths like Giganotosaurus, had to eat hundreds of pounds of plants or flesh every day to maintain their weight - so as you can imagine, there was a lot of dinosaur poop littering the ground during the Mesozoic Era. However, unless a giant blob of Diplodocus doo happened to fall on the head of a nearby critter, he was unlikely to complain, since dinosaur feces were an abundant source of nutrition for smaller animals (including birds, lizards and mammals), and, of course, a ubiquitous assortment of bacteria. Dinosaur droppings were also crucial for ancient plant life. Just as modern-day farmers scatter manure around their crops (which replenishes the nitrogen compounds that make the  soil fertile), the millions of tons of dinosaur dung produced every single day during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods helped keep the worlds forests lush and green. This, in turn, produced a near-endless source of vegetation for  herbivorous dinosaurs to feast on, and then turn into poop, which also enabled carnivorous dinosaurs to eat the herbivorous dinosaurs and turn them into poop, and so on and on in an endless symbiotic cycle of, well, you know. Coprolites and Paleontology As important as they were for the primitive ecosystem, dinosaur droppings have proved equally crucial for modern-day paleontologists. Occasionally, researchers stumble across huge, well-preserved piles of fossilized dinosaur dung- or â€Å"coprolites,† as they’re called  in polite society. By examining these fossils in detail, researchers can figure out if they were created by plant-eating, meat-eating, or omnivorous dinosaurs- and they can sometimes even identify the type of animal or plant that the dinosaur ate a few hours (or a few days) before going Number 2. (Unfortunately, unless a specific dinosaur is discovered in the immediate vicinity, its nearly impossible to attribute a particular piece of poop to a particular dinosaur species.) Every now and then, coprolites can even help to settle evolutionary disputes. For example, a batch of fossilized dung excavated recently in India proves that the dinosaurs responsible fed on types of grass that weren’t believed to have evolved until millions of years later. By pushing back the flourishing of these grasses to 65 million years ago from 55 million years ago (give or take a few million years), these coprolites may help explain the evolution of the megafauna mammals known as gondwanatheres, which had teeth adapted for grazing, during the ensuing Cenozoic Era. One of the most famous coprolites was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1998. This gigantic poop fossil (which looks pretty much the way you’d expect) measures 17 inches long and six inches thick, and was probably part of an even larger chunk of dinosaur dung. Because this coprolite is so enormous - and contains fragments of bone and blood vessels- paleontologists believe it may have derived from a Tyrannosaurus Rex that roamed North America about 60 million years ago. (This type of forensics is nothing new; as far back as the early 19th century, the English fossil-hunter Mary Anning discovered bezoar stones, containing fish scales, nestled in the fossilized skeletons of various marine reptiles.) The Coprolites of the Cenozoic Era Animals have been eating and pooping for 500 million yearsso what makes the Mesozoic Era so special? Well, aside from the fact that most people find dinosaur dung fascinating, absolutely nothingand coprolites dating from before the Triassic period and after the Cretaceous period can be equally diagnostic of the creatures responsible. For example, the megafauna mammals of the Cenozoic Era left an exquisite assortment of fossilized poops, of all shapes and sizes, which has helped paleontologists tease out details about the food chain; archaeologists can even infer facts about the lifestyles of early Homo sapiens by examining the minerals and microorganisms preserved in their feces. No discussion about fossilized poop would be complete without a mention of Englands once-burgeoning coprolite industry: during the mid-18th century (a few decades after Mary Annings time had come and gone), a curious parson at Cambridge University discovered that certain coprolites, when treated with sulfuric acid, yielded valuable phosphates then  in demand by the growing chemical industry. For decades, the east coast of England was a hotbed of coprolite mining and refining, to the extent that even today, in the town of Ipswich, you can take a leisurely stroll down Coprolite Street.

Women and Health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women and Health - Assignment Example However, maybe due to the fact that they often compete with the opposite sex to be treated as equal, women of recent generations have neglected their well-being. Changed lifestyle has contributed a number of ailments to women that could affect their health during their childbearing years. There are prenatal screenings being offered to pregnant women to ensure the health and well-being of the child they are carrying. Also, couples are being offered screenings to know their so-called genetic compatibility or incompatibility to know the ratio of having a healthy and normal child. There would be instances that screenings would be disregarded by parents at some point and say that they would accept their child in whatever health condition they might be in whether at birth or at the course of their lives. What parents or future parents should consider is that, if they would not undergo screenings and their child would be suffering from a certain ailment, they as parents are disregarding the right of a child to grow up with a healthy body and be accepted in the society. One should accept that though as advanced and liberal the society might be there are still instances that physically and/or mentally challenged children suffer from discrimination almost their whole lifetime ( South-Paul, et al., 2004; Karpin & Savell, 2012). Another hindrance that might occur for prenatal screenings would be culture. There are aspects of the beliefs of ethnic groups and population where pregnancy or the child that is still in the womb is considered as sacred or should not be disturbed. This is an aspect which can be the topic of debates for years and decades, however, would still end up into nothingness. However, this should not be the case. There should be scholars from the medical field to address or enlighten these ethnic groups. Prenatal and even newborn screenings are not done to step on their traditions and cultures; these are done to ensure the future and well-being of the next generations and the generations to come after them.  Ã‚  

PERFORMANCE BUDGETING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PERFORMANCE BUDGETING - Coursework Example This makes it easy and efficient to evaluate the performance of the concerned managers at job delivery. Performance budgeting focuses on the changes in the funding of the budget rather than the approximation fronted by the previous budget cycles. This makes it more flexible and appropriate for public budgeting whose demands are dynamic. It offers flexibility for the relocation of budgets when needs arises. In addition to these, it identifies agencies and programs that seek similar goals hence drawing inter-relationships to the legislature attentions and enabling a possibility of increased awareness and budgets to the local governments. Finally, performance budgeting provides a platform for rewarding achievement and imposing of sanctions in the case of poor performance. This attributes makes it suitable for public sector budgeting at large including the federal government. However, it will present major challenges to the federal government. The efficiency ratings used in this model are rudimentary because they measure bureaucratic activity quantitatively rather than qualitatively. This shortcoming means the federal government could by focusing on the quantity of the services rather than its quality. Moreover not all bureaucratic activities are easily quantifiable. Performance budgeting system is very handy when evaluating the output of the managers after budget allocations. It provides an insight on how the allocated budget was spent, its impact and effects. This model of accounting is hence suitable for public budgeting where integrity and service delivery is

Chapter 8-9 SA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 8-9 SA - Assignment Example This self assessment test 2 is used to evaluate the atmosphere for creativity. The evaluation is meant to single out various situations in an organization that encourage the employees to be more creative in work. The measure of the environment for creativity shows the level of support the management and organization gives the employees for inventiveness and innovation. The test value of cumulative numbers is then compared to the values of the continuum. A continuum is provided at the end of the assessment test with numbers indicating different values that indicate the level of support offered. A high score indicates that the organization is very supportive of the employees’ creativity and innovation. Therefore, our organization has an average support for employees’ creativity and innovation. These exercises help the students to relate their work surroundings to the ideas in ways that other people can gain from the experience they have (Lussier & Achua, 2010). This self assessment test 3 is used to evaluate the personal traits and teams that can affect the team work of an individual. The first personality profile reviewed can be; I enjoy being part of a team and working with others more than working alone. The scales given to this profile could be 1 to 7, with 7 illustrating strongly agreeing to the profile while 1 illustrating strongly disagreeing to the personality profile. The second profile reviewed is, I enjoy accomplishing team goals more than individual accomplishments, given scales from 1 to 7. 7 will illustrate strongly agreeing to this statement while 1 illustrates strongly disagreeing to the same statement. From these two statements, we can deduce that the stronger you agree with them the higher the probability of being a good team player. On the other hand, lower scores do not exactly mean that you are not a good team player. The Big Five personality dimensions and their related motive needs can influence your team

Aristotles Theory of the Ideal State

Aristotles Theory of the Ideal State ARISTOTLE AND HIS IDEAL STATE   (384 BC 322 BC) NAME : SHAMIKA S. TAMHANE Aristotle is one such unique philosopher, who has made contributions to innumerable fields like that of physics, biology, mathematics, metaphysics, medicines, theatre, dance and of course politics. Aristotle is known as ‘Father of Political Science’. ‘Polis’ is ‘city-state’ in Greek. From this, he coined term ‘Politics’. He is one of the most celebrated political thinkers as he was the first philosopher who detached philosophy from political science and carved out the latter as an independent discipline. He introduced a systematic study of politics and stated that politics may be devoid of ethics. Aristotle was born in 384 BC in the Greek town of Stagira. His father, Nicomachus was a physician in the court of Macedonia. Both his parents are known to have died when Aristotle was young. At the age of 17, Aristotle’s sister’s husband, who was his guardian, sent him to Athens for higher education in Plato’s academy. Aristotle proved to be an exemplary scholar and was a close disciple of Plato. Plato died in 347 BC. However, despite being one of the closest disciples of Plato, Aristotle did not become the head of the academy as he had some major differences with respect to Plato’s theory. Aristotle stayed in the academy for about 2 decades. After a few years of Plato’s death, he left Athens and returned to Macedonia in 338 BC. There he taught Alexander the Great and the Macedonia court rewarded him generously for his services. In 335 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Phillip II and conquered Athens. Aristotle too returned to Athens and started h is own academy called the Lyceum. Aristotle spent most of his time writing, researching and teaching at his academy. In 323 BC, Alexander died and the people of Athens revolted against the Macedonian rule. Being Alexander’s teacher and having had connections with the ruling family of Macedonia, posed a threat to his life in Athens where anti-Macedonian sentiment was at its peak. In order to save himself from prosecution, Aristotle left Athens and went to Chalcis on the island of Euboea. Aristotle breathed his last there in 322 BC. Aristotle experienced a lot of ups and downs in the political spectrum throughout his life like the fall of Sparta, the rise as well as the fall of Alexander the Great etc. All these happenings around him have affected him and it can be reflected in all his writings INTRODUCTION POPULATION AND TERRITORY As said in the introduction the first material or ingredient to form a perfect or an ideal state is population. The legislator has the power to determine the number and character of citizens and thus, the size and character of the country. According to Aristotle, â€Å"Most persons think that a state in order to be happy ought to be large; but even if they are right, they have no idea what is a large and what a small state. For they judge of the size of the city by the number of the inhabitants; whereas they ought to regard not their number, but their power.† (1) Hence, Aristotle was clearly of the opinion that the quality of the people which constitute the state matters, rather than their quantity. Thus, more than the physical size of the population, its character is important. Aristotle justifies this by giving the example of Hippocrates who was a great physician that he was great because of the quality of the work he did and is definitely greater than a man who is just phys ically taller than him. Also, even if we are to reckon the greatness of a state by the number of inhabitants, not everybody can be included in it, like the slaves and foreigners. Only the members of the state are to be included who form an essential part of it. A very populated state cannot be well governed, as it is difficult to maintain law and order. According to Aristotle , there is a limit to the size of the state just as there is a limit to the size of other things like plants and animals as if any of these are too small or large, they either completely lose their nature or get spoiled. Here he cites an example of a ship. A ship, if only a span long, cannot be a ship at all and the one which is a quarter mile long will still be a ship, but will be bad for sailing. Similarly, if a state is too small, it won’t be self-sufficient but if it is too big it would be incapable of having a government that is constitutional. Also, in an over-populated state, it is difficult to id entify foreigners who may take advantage of this situation and try and acquire the rights of the citizens. Hence, clearly the largest population should be the one which suffices for the purposes of life. The territory of the state should be all-producing, so that the state has all things to be in need of nothing, which is called sufficiency. It should enable the residents to live liberally so that they can enjoy leisure. The country should be suitable for receiving fruits and timber and also other products. The city should be situated in regard both to sea and land, so that it is protected on both the sides. Also, import and export can be facilitated through water transport. Aristotle has a very distinct manner of describing the character of the people of various parts of the world. According to him, people who live in regions with cold climate and in Europe are hard-working but lack intelligence and skill. This is the reason they have the opportunity to enjoy freedom but they have no political organization. On the other hand, the natives of Asia are intelligent but they lack spirit, hence they are always under some foreign rule and are constantly subjugated. However, according to Aristotle, the best is the Hellenic race which is situated between the two regions and has the best of both the regions, i.e. the spirit of the Europeans and the intelligence of the Asians. So this race is free from any foreign rule and is also well-governed. Aristotle states certain other things which an ideal state must have, such as food, arts, arms etc. It should have a good amount of revenue so that it can take care of its internal needs as well as protect itself from any external aggression. The state should also take care of the religion of the people so that they can practice their respective religion fearlessly. The last and the most important thing is that the authority in the state must have the power to decide what is good and in favor of the public. All these above mentioned things are necessarily to be provided for by the state administration as the state is not a mere aggregate of people but their union, who have come together to fulfill a common purpose of ‘well-being’. If any one of the above listed things is lacking in any particular state, then a state cannot be called absolutely self-sufficient. Then it is necessary to frame the structure of the state in such a manner that all the above functions are fulfi lled. For example, a state should have farmers to produce food, artists and artisans to promote art, soldiers to protect the boundaries of the state, the priests to carry out religious practices etc. Thus, it can be observed that Aristotle does not undermine the role of any person in formation of an ideal state and specifies the role that each citizen can play, for the sake of ‘good life’. Aristotle also states the ideal location of the state. In order to ensure good health of its citizens, a state should lie towards the east. States which are covered by the north wind have milder winter which is again, healthier. Hence, the state should be located such that it favors convenient administration as well, in situations of war. There should be abundant springs and fountains in the state and if there is a scarcity of the same, there should be reservoirs which can store water and provide for its citizens in a state of crisis. Aristotle lays great emphasis on providing pure water to the citizens of the state. According to him, of the five elements of nature, the ones which are responsible to keep a person healthy are water and air. He says that the arrangement of houses in the city should be irregular in some parts of the city, because if all the houses are laid systematically in a straight line and in a particular pattern, it would be easy for strangers to find their way thr ough every part of the town, which should not be the case. Hence, some parts should be systematic while some irregular and thus a balance between security and beauty of the state should be well maintained. HOUSEHOLDS, PROPERTY AND SLAVERY IN THE IDEAL STATE According to Aristotle, family is the most important and the primary social unit of the society. It is the first institution of society which trains a child in citizenship. Aristotle connects citizenship to a household because it teaches a person division of labor (economic, social and others) and gives him a sense of understanding of his responsibility towards his family as well as towards the society and the state. A family gives an individual, training for a civilized life. The household takes care of the basic requirements of an individual; be it materialistic, social, emotional or physical need of the person. Thus, a man who lives in a well-managed household has a sense of fulfillment and content will contribute to the good of the society and in turn, the state. Family, thus, is essential for the moral growth and development of an individual. A state is made up of many households and thus it is important for Aristotle, to study the arrangement of a household in an ideal state. A household is incomplete without slaves, opines Aristotle. There are three relations in a family which are important, that are, that of a husband and wife, the relation of a father and children and thirdly, that of master and slave. The man, husband and the father, rules over both his wife and children respectively, although the manner differs. The man is fitter by nature than the woman hence, the inequality in this relationship never ceases to exist. However, the father rules over his children in a royal and not in a constitutional manner as he does over his wife. With his children, there is a relation of both love and respect. With respect to the third relation, i.e. of master and slave, Aristotle says, â€Å"The master is only the master of the slave; he does not belong to him, whereas the slave is not only the slave of his master, but wholly b elongs to him.† (2). Thus, a slave by nature is a possession of his master, in spite of being a human being. Slaves are a part of property of the individual. Aristotle attaches a lot of important to possession of property because according to him, without property, one cannot cultivate values and virtues such as generosity, hospitality, giving alms to the poor and the needy, etc. Property is essential to have a good household. Private property is a source of pleasure as mostly men love money. It is an integral aspect of social economy. Lastly, he opines that possession of private property by individuals is in favor of the state as when people own property; they would not be worried for their subsistence and thus, can actively participate in the political process of the state. When there would be slaves in the house, the master will have a lot of leisure time and according to Aristotle, he who has leisure time can be involved in the formation of an ideal state. He says, â€Å" †¦those who are in a position which places them above toil have stewards who attend to their households, while they occupy themselves with philosophy or with politics.† (3) Slavery is justified by Aristotle on two grounds. Firstly, on natural grounds; he says that some people are born without any faculties. However, they have the physical ability to work. This cannot be blamed on human beings as nature has created some people with lesser mental abilities. It is nature which has created men unequal. Nature has differentiated in the bodies of masters and slaves, making one physically strong and the other, although physically weak, but suitable for political life. He says, slaves have no virtues as they do not own property and hence they are not fit to be citizens of the state. Thus, according to Aristotle, some people are born to be slaves. He compares slaves to tamed animals and says that both cater to their needs with the help of their bodies. Secondly, as said before, sl aves are an essential ‘instrument’ of a household. They symbolize prosperity of a particular family. Thus, Aristotle concludes by saying, â€Å"Thus it is clear that household management attends more to men than to the acquisition of inanimate things, and to human excellence more than to the excellence of property which we call wealth, and to the virtue of freemen more than to the virtue of slaves.† (4) He says that slave lacks any sort of deliberative faculty, a woman does have some but she has no authority and also the child has, but it’s not mature enough to harness them. CITIZENSHIP IN THE IDEAL STATE The criteria for citizenship in different forms of governments vary according to their nature. For example, a person who can be a citizen in a democratic setup may not be eligible to be a citizen of an oligarchy. However, here, it is better to consider and talk about the citizens of a democratic state, because this is the system in which citizens are acknowledged the most than in any other system of governance. According to Aristotle, the citizenship of a person of a particular state is not determined by his mere residence in that state, because a slave or a foreigner too are residents of the same state, but this does not give them the right of citizenship, for there are other criteria to determine the same. Also, the legal status of a person cannot be the criterion because even a foreigner can acquire a right to sue a resident of that state or can be sued by a resident, merely under some provisions of a treaty. Hence, just being under the jurisdiction of any particular state, according to Aristotle, cannot make one a citizen of that state. A person who is exiled from the state will cease to be a citizen of the state. A person, who has the authority to participate in the judicial administration of the state, is termed as a citizen of that state. He should be able to take part in the process of administration of justice and legislation as a member of the deliberative assembly which can enabl e him to be a citizen. Hence, it can be observed that all those people who are permitted to take part in the political process of that state, for example, casting a vote or contesting elections, and all those who are eligible to be the members of the executive or the legislative branch of the government can be termed as citizens. With respect to who ‘ought’ to be citizens, Aristotle opines that all those who are trained and are capable of becoming either the ruler or the ruled, ought to be citizens. Further, he says that all those people who have property and leisure can be citizens as a person devoid of possession of any property, does not need any security from the state. Thus he would not be interested in the affairs of the state, so he would not bother to work for the betterment of the state. Also, a person who does not have property lacks experience in management skills as he is not accustomed to managing any kind of property. Such a person, according to Aristotle, cannot be expected to actively participate in the political affairs of the state and thus, in turn cannot ‘manage’ the state. However, despite all these criteria, practically a citizen is one whose both parents have been citizens. Some say, two or more ancestors. This is the shortest and the most practical definition, but some raise an objection to this questioning, how their ancestors became citizens. But it can be said, if their ancestors participated in the governmental process, that had to be citizens. It is also difficult to determine those who become citizens after a revolution. Here, the doubt is not about who is a citizen, but it is about who ought to be a citizen. As it was mentioned previously, a citizen of a particular government might not be eligible to be a citizen of some other form of government. It is said that the one who has never learned to obey, can never be a good commander. Both are different, but a good citizen should have the capacity of both-he should be aware of governing like a free man and should know obedience like a free man. These are virtues of a good citizen. The next point in citizenship of ideal state is that whether a good man and a good citizen are the same. This is explained by Aristotle by citing the example of a sailor. Sailors perform different functions like those of rowers, pilots, look-out men etc. Because they all have different functions, their virtues too differ. However, they all are described by one common definition, because they all have the same goal of safety in navigation. Aristotle compares sailors to citizens. Just like the former, citizens too differ from one another, but ‘salvation of the community’ (5) is their common aspiration. In numerous forms of governments, no single virtue is a perfect virtue of a good citizen. But it is assumed that good man is one with a single perfect virtue. Thus, a good man may not necessarily be a good citizen and vice versa. The next point in citizenship is that can mechanics be termed as citizens. Aristotle admits that not all those who are necessary for the functioning of the ideal state can be deemed as citizens of that state. For example, children cannot be termed as citizens of the state even though they are an integral part of the state as they do not participate in any political process. Under some governments, mechanics and laborers will not be citizens while under other, they might be included. Aristotle opines that the best form of government will not accept mechanics, laborers who he names as servants of the community, as they do not hold virtues of good citizens.